Televisions Positive Effects On Society Essay -- essays research paper

Televisions Positive Effects on SocietyAccording to Marie Winn and her essay The Plug-In Drug, television hasvarious prejudicious effects on our society today. In her essay Winn explores the ports in which television has harmfully caused disruptions with the quality offamily life, rituals, and values. She recognizes there is a problem with oursociety and the way in which it is consistently invited by television. I amable to agree with Winn on this point, but I do not feel that the totality ofthe influence is negative. Television today has a lot of positive effects andinfluences on our society and our American culture. Television gives us helpfulinformation, various forms of education, and entertainment which ar all a partof the positive effects that television has on our society.On a day to day basis, the television keeps us informed with draw ofhelpful information. We are informed through the television of the latest news,weather, and information which are important in our dail y lives. The televisionoften acts as an almanac, dictionary, and an spunk into the world around us. Itinforms us of the most recent happenings around the world within seconds. Suchas the O.J. Simpson trial, the Oklahoma City bombing, and the wars taking placein the Middle East. Through TV we can be warned about almost anything from ahurricane approaching to the fact that the stock market is falling. Th...

Mary Barton by Elizabeth Gaskel Essay -- Papers

Mary Barton by Elizabeth GaskelElizabeth Gaskells Nineteenth Century novel, Mary Barton, is an example of social realism in its depiction of the inhumanities suffered by the impoverished weavers of Manchester, England.The briny story in Mary Barton is that of the honest, proud and intelligent workingman so embittered by circumstances and lack of sympathy that he fin entirelyy murders a mill owners son as an act of representative vengeance. In growing embittered, he becomes as a natural consequence, more stranded in his community both humanity and faith lose their power to guide him. Mary Barton, his daughter, really loves Jem Wilson, who is arrested after having threatened the murdered man for hard to seduce Mary, and it is her efforts that produce the melodramatic last minute evidence that saves him.Against the novelistic background of this murder and the central love stories, Mrs. Gaskell outlines her main themes of life in Manchester during the early stages of the industrial Re volution and of the conditions that initiated the Chartist Movement.Thus, the historical background of Mary Barton is as much, if not more important than its strictly novelistic aspects. Manchester becomes a symbol of the outrageous conditions endured by the laborers, quite of a real city in itself. It is always grimy, oppressive, and ugly, just like the lives of its inhabitants.The only detail the author gives us is with the individual homes, not with the city itself. It is intimately as if she were afraid of impairing the citys inherent symbolism by describing any actual streets or shops. Even when wealth is shown, as with the Carsons, the setting is still ugly and sad the only difference is that the drabness has been made comfor... ... led up to the Chartist Movement. Despite the authors concentration on the social aspects of the situation, she has nonetheless succeeded in providing us with the main points of the new economy and its laws.Mary Barton tells the story from the laborers point of view, but we are not without knowledge of the mill owners side of it either, especially through the philosophical acquaintance of Job Legh. In her attempts to present the plight of the laborer in Manchester, Elizabeth Gaskell has not neglected to make us understand the importance and significance of the industrial movement, as well as the great possibilities it possessed.It is, perhaps, a dated novel. However, it is important in its delineation of the social, political, and economic forces that were at work in England from 1835 -- 1850, and it is an attempt to bring them all into harmonious focus.

Rose’s Breast Cancer in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays

Roses Breast Cancer in A Thousand Acres   Pete, representing erratic male rage in the novel, has a annals of abusing Rose. This climaxes when he breaks her arm. It follows a terrible logic that since male rage hurts her body, so does her receive, the impetus of which is provided by the patriarchal system. Ginnys description of Pete fits Rose equally well, with an individual retirement account that would be quiet, but corrosive, erupting at odd times (31). Roses breast cancer symbolizes the way she is literally consumed with anger (the cancer eats at her flesh, consuming her body). Anger is the altogether way she knows to deal with her father, her husband, men and the system they represent Were not going to be sad. Were going to be angry until we die. Its the only hope.(354) She doesnt see that anger is destructive, that anger is in fact why things have turned out the way they have. She is continually reminded of the toll her anger takes on her body, as her arm unconsciousl y strays to the disoriented muscles under her other arm, by the lost breast. Nevertheless, she ignores the signs, anger has become a part of her body. The fact that this act resembles a posture signifying an attempt to contain her totality -her everywhereflowing anger- suggests this, as does the fact that she especially does this when she is angry She pushed her hair back with her hand, then put her fist on her hip, defiant. Except that on the way down, her fingers fluttered over the vanished breast, the vanished muscles. (151) Her body, then, enacts her strategy. If you cant beat them, join them. If the system is based on egocentricity, cruelty, coldness and rage, then those will be her weapons. When Jess backs out of farming their land, she says When it came right down to building on something that we had, it scared him to build on cobblers last and bad luck and anger and destruction (352). The underlying assumption of her statement is that it is impossible to challenge all t he death and destruction, so one might as well turn it to ones own advantage. This strategy, ironically, turns her into what the patriarchy has accused hers and Ginnys intertextual counterparts -Regan and Goneril- of an inhuman half-man. When she reigns supreme over the thousand acres, she has turned into her own worst nightmare her father.

“Citizens of a kind” :: Essays Papers

Citizens of a kindThe following clippings from regional Irish newspapers begin in 1923, soon after the founding of the state, and continue to the present day in chronological order. The premise informing the selection is that Travellers are caught in a projectile of colonialism misunderstood by the majority they live amongst, and disadvantaged by their difference. Their situation is comparable, in many instances, to that of gypsies throughout Europe and the indigenous minorities of many ex-colonies. It is no conjunctive that attitudes toward Travellers, as evidenced by some of the following clippings, hardened in the decades following the founding of the Irish State in the 1920s. The early years of the commonwealth were difficult economically, and a nationalist ideology of a homogenous, mono-cultural, unquestioningly Catholic united state was perpetuated as a consolation for the loss of privileges enjoyed as fragment of the Empire. The transfer from colonial to post-colonial sta tus problematised the place of this minority population, and internal tensions surfaced in the absence of a colonial presence to demonise. I have concentrated on papers covering the general West of Ireland / Connacht area (Galway, Mayo and Roscommon), and in particular, articles dealing with Galway, since this is my hometown, and a traditional Traveller stronghold. Most clippings are from the longstanding Connacht Tribune.In a report on a Galway Urban Council meeting entitled Nomads in Galway Citizens fear an epidemic (Connacht Tribiune 10 Mar. 1923 5), the old colonial fear of existence contaminated by the Other (in fact, a fear of secretly being or becoming the Other) is detectable Mr J.P. OBrien wrote on behalf of a number of citizens stating that unless the council took travel to have the gypsies who are campingremoved, there was a danger of epidemic breaking out. He pointed out that it was illegal for these people to camp within the urban area. They could camp a quarter of a mile outside the urban area, and then only for a couple of days.The strategy of distancing is implicit in the work of the intelligence informations gypsy and nomad, which connote that these people are somehow foreign, and most explosively, in the use of gypsy, that they are actually British. (Within the British Isles, gypsies are from Wales and England only.) The word gypsy is a dispossessing of their Irishness, and it is easier to be cruel to what is constructed as being outside the self in a new state where the ideology of nationalism is uppermost.

life and death :: essays research papers

What It Takes to Overcome SufferingWhen roll in the haying with hardship in ones life history, people deal with it in diverse ways. One may overcome ache through their own thoughts and ventilation, or by through their relationships with themselves, other people, or even a higher being. Alice Walker, an African American writer, narrows the scope of suffering to a single, courageous woman in her novel, The Color Purple. Through this remarkable woman, Celie, Walker illustrates that even when life cant get any worse, one can overcome impossible odds. Alice Walker illustrates through Celies triumph over Mr. _____, one overcomes suffering through the presence of strong positive relationships. The obstacles that Celie overcomes are indicative of the relationships that she acquires. Through the relationships that Celie forms with God, Sofia, Nettie, Shug, and the ultimate relationship she develops with herself, she is able to overcome the abuse and hardship that is present in her life an d her past.Celies upbringing was not one, that which someone would call typical. She must care for her brothers and sisters, and is already burdened with the cooking and cleaning of the household because of her mothers deteriorating health. And if that is not a harsh struggle enough, Celie is being continuously raped by the man she knows to be her father. Celie gives birth to two of her fathers children, whom he sells after Celie gives birth. She is tormented with the thoughts of her two born children, and why these horrible things happen to her. Celie is mistreated and abused day to day, and accepts this as the norm childhood. Not scarcely is the young, candid Celie raped Ventura 2again and again, she is beat by this man, when she does something he does not approve of. He beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church (Walker 5). She is victimized by thisman repeatedly and cannot help but only wonder why. She is thought of as nothing but a sexual object, and is taken adva ntage of over and over. She is stepped on repeatedly by her stepfather and is threatened not to say anything. You better not never tell nobody but God. Its kill your mammy (Walker 1). She is silenced not to tell anyone about her explicit rapes because she knows it would kill her mother, and therefore only expresses her hardship to God. This poor young girl deals with hardship most adults do not even encounter, but handles it with her own prerogative.

life and death :: essays research papers

What It Takes to Overcome SufferingWhen dealing with hardship in sensations life, people deal with it in diverse ways. One may overcome suffering through their own thoughts and ventilation, or by through their relationships with themselves, new(prenominal) people, or even a higher being. Alice Walker, an African American writer, narrows the scope of suffering to a single, courageous woman in her novel, The Color Purple. Through this noteworthy woman, Celie, Walker illustrates that even when life cant get any worse, one can overcome impossible odds. Alice Walker illustrates through Celies pleasure over Mr. _____, one overcomes suffering through the presence of strong positive relationships. The obstacles that Celie overcomes are indicative of the relationships that she acquires. Through the relationships that Celie forms with God, Sofia, Nettie, Shug, and the ultimate relationship she develops with herself, she is able to overcome the misuse and hardship that is present in her l ife and her past.Celies upbringing was not one, that which someone would call typical. She must care for her brothers and sisters, and is already burdened with the cooking and cleaning of the household be acquire of her mothers deteriorating health. And if that is not a harsh struggle enough, Celie is being continuously raped by the man she knows to be her father. Celie gives birth to dickens of her fathers children, whom he sells after Celie gives birth. She is tormented with the thoughts of her two born children, and why these horrible things happen to her. Celie is mistreated and abused day to day, and accepts this as the average childhood. Not barely is the young, innocent Celie raped Ventura 2again and again, she is beat by this man, when she does something he does not approve of. He beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church (Walker 5). She is victimized by thisman repeatedly and cannot help but only wonder why. She is thought of as nothing but a sexual object, and is taken advantage of over and over. She is stepped on repeatedly by her stepfather and is threatened not to say anything. You better not never tell nobody but God. Its kill your mammy (Walker 1). She is silenced not to tell anyone about her apparent rapes because she knows it would kill her mother, and therefore only expresses her hardship to God. This poor young girl deals with hardship most adults do not even encounter, but handles it with her own prerogative.

Mousetrap Car Essay

The purpose of this project is to determine the effect the size of an automobiles cycles/second radius result have on that vehicles performance. To determine this, the distance a railroad car travels when well-tried with the selfsame(prenominal) propulsion force merely different wheel diameter is measured. We expect that there will be an optimum size that should be utilized in order to achieve maximum efficiency. A big or smaller wheel size should change the distance that the car will travel. The cars we will test will be do of common and inexpensive materials. The design of the cars will consist of simple wheel and axel found upups and a lever two simple machines that can be use to give birth forward movement. The means of propulsion for our cars will be spring-loaded mouse seaman with a distance of string that connects to the axel supporting the wheels being tested.As the trap is set the lever will pull the line and thus rotate the axel causing movement. The size of t he wheel should have a direct relationship with the distance that the car will travel. Small wheels will consider more revolutions to move the same distance work on large wheels will require more torque to ground them begin to turn. The goal of the project is to find the most efficient use of the energy provided by the trap play for both speed and distance by adjusting the size of the wheel. A mousetrap car is a combination of two simple machines designed to operate much like a gas-powered car. However, a mousetrap is employ instead of an internal combustion engine for the motor. The most common design involves positioning the mousetrap on the chassis of the cars and attaching an extended lever on the trap to one of the cars axles by using a length of string.The end of the string on the mousetrap is tied to the arm of the trap darn the opposite end is wound around the axle. When the mousetrap is loaded, potential energy is stored. The pulling force of the arm turns the potentia l energy into kinetic energy, causing the wheels to turn and boosting the vehicle. The mousetrap will provide a limited amount energy that the car can use as propulsion force that causes forward movement. The length of the string connecting the lever on the trap to the axel will remain constant through out the duration of the experiment. This will ensure that each of the wheel sizes will receive the same amount of energy. The wheels will in like manner be made of the same material so that each will have the same traction, be about the same weight, and attach to the axel in a similar fashion.Since the radius is directly proportional to the lap, larger diameter will obviously have larger circumferences. This is important because the circumference the part that actually touches the track. The larger the circumference of the wheel is as comp atomic number 18d to the radius of the axel, the more mechanical emolument the wheel will have. mechanically skillful advantage is a phenomenon that increases the efficiency of a simple machine. Engineers try to design cars that make the most of this force when designing cars and other motor vehicles.A circumference of five inches will travel 25 inches in five revolutions while a circumference of three inches will travel only 15 inches with the same number of revolutions. The larger wheels seem to make more efficient use of the revolutions provided by the springing mousetrap. However the larger diameter also requires more energy to make them revolve. The energy required to turn an axel is known as torque. The more torque an engine (or a mousetrap) can provide, the faster the car will accelerate.Acceleration is also important to the efficiency of the mousetrap car. The faster a car can accelerate, the more momentum it can build up. Momentum is a force that keeps sorrowful objects moving in the same general direction and force until some outside force acts upon the object. Momentum will conserve the energy from the mousetrap while providing thrust. If the wheels are too small, the axels will have to revolve more times to build up any significant momentum. If they are too large, they will require much more torque, which would reduce the amount of energy available to turn the axel once momentum is built up.Friction also plays a major usage in the performance of mousetrap-powered cars. Friction between the cars wheels and the surface it is traveling on is beneficial to the operation of the vehicle. This traction helps the wheels to propel the cars across pass on distances and at greater speeds. However, friction can also occur between the axles and the cars, which can be detrimental to performance. To combat this, lubricants are apply on the axels where they are in contact with the chassis of the car. Also, more mass involved with the rotation of the axels will cause more friction. Therefore, heavier cars will be much less boffo than vehicles using much lighter materials due to the amount of friction and inertia, which will not allow the car to travel as far or as fast under the same conditions.MethodsThe design used in the testing phases of the experiment consisted of thin pieces of plywood for the chassis and axel supports while 3/16-inch dowel rods were used for axels. The wheels were made of three sizes of circular pieces of foam board supported by a slice of a cardboard tube. A standard sized mousetrap was secured to the chassis and a 3-inch length of cop pipe was used to lengthen the lever to provide more mechanical advantage. A two-feet length of nylon string was secured to the copper pipe and the rear axel.The wheels were attached to the axels with rubber cement. The various larger sizes were designed to fit over the smallest ones that were attached to the axels. A single front wheel was used throughout the experiment Tests were ran to determine how far the car would travel and how fast they traveled a distance of five and feet. Each wheel size was tested three times an d the results were then averagedWheel size Distance Speed (5 feet/ 10 feet) 2.25 inches 11 feet, four inches 1.45sec. / 2.4sec. 4.75 inches 16 feet, 11 inches 2.1 sec. / 3.05 sec. 7.00 inches 18 feet, two inches 3.6 sec. /4.42 sec. ResultsOur results head two distinct characteristics. The larger wheels traveled a significant amount further than the smaller wheel sizes. However the smaller wheels were capable of quicker speedup than the larger wheels. Since the wheels all had about the same amount of mass, the amount of friction did not increase of decrease enough to effect the results significantly. The wheel sizes could thus be adjusted depending upon the type of race the car was involved in distance, in which the largest wheels would be used, or speed, in which the smallest wheels would be used.Experience in the design and attend to of the mousetrap cars would help us to design an even more efficient vehicle. Two layers of foam board would probably be used to cause the wheels to be more level and stable. Also, a longer lever would likely be attached to the existing lever on the mousetrap so that more advantage is achieved.

This house would make the student pay

I strongly disagree in making university students pay for their c ar fees as I savor that education should come as a right and not book to come at a price.We all jazz that if there were no fees for university everybody who has the required grades for the specific university would have the chance to attend as often high achieving students miss out on the opportunity of university as they had come from a less privileged family and this is unfair, but also it is discrimination to those from poorer backgrounds. As a result exclusively those that atomic number 18 privileged and can open the education can send their children to university.Student imparts be collide withered as an option to help pay tuition fees but they tend to do more(prenominal) ill-use than good as there are unforeseen consequences. Tori Siler dropped out of Purdue University in 1999 after borro boostg the maximum amount of federal student loans in America, rough $46,000. Today, the single mother of two boy s earns $32,000 a year as an administrative assistant, while her unpaid student-loan debt has ballooned to more than $100,000.Her lender wants her to repay $650 a month one-quarter of her make income for the next 35 years. By the time Siler made the last payment, she would be 78.Hundreds of thousands of student borrowers are discovering what Siler has learned that student loans are increasingly difficult to escape, unheeding of the burden repayment might be. Unfortunately many students are having no option as universities tragically withdraw the person from their course due to the inability to pay for their courses which hinders their learning. Loans start being paid off when the student has a secure job which earns a minimum of fifteen thousand pounds and takes at least(prenominal) three years to pay back with have-to doe with added on from day one of payment. Therefore a large proportion of students are leaving university with a substantial amount debt.It is hard to agree w ith the fact that if there were no tuition fees with grants made available then more wad will feel inclined to apply for university. Therefore these passel would make something out of their lives.Graduates benefit the ships company as a whole but if fewer people potash alum there are less people to fill spaces for specialty jobs e.g. doctors and lawyers as they are not as they will not have the sufficient association and skills for the jobs.The UK is currently below average on how many young people are attending university as several other countries are sending more than sixty percent of young people in their population to university.Finland and Scotland are two perfect examples of countries in which people do not pay university are doing very well. The evidence of this is Edinburgh in Scotland has the nearly graduates in the entire world and their students are not paying fees Surely that already shows how university fees are putting the landed estate behind?It can be argued t hat independence and experience are gained and it prepares them for the future lives as they will have to be paying for those themselves, but in most circumstances parents end up paying so how is it in any way giving them or even offering any independence.The loans students have when they have graduated from university cause them to begin their lives after education in debt and there is no guarantee that they will even be able to pay it off for a very long time.It might be the in the priority of the government to put schools and hospitals first with taxpayers money as they only have a certain amount to pay for but services, hospitals and police but education as a whole should not have to come at a price as it is not a privilege but a basic right. As countries are becoming more developed they need a more highly trained and skilled workforce.From one point of view it can be seen that the system is fair to students from different backgrounds as the fees are only paid back when a certa in salary threshold is reached so someone who fails to benefit from their education doesnt apply for it, but I can advantageously make it clear that tuition fees discriminate those from poorer backgrounds who are less able to get into debt because even if they choose to go to university, students who happen to have rich parents are a great advantage compared to those who have to pay off the fees themselves. We need to cancel all debt for those leaving university.At the moment it would be persuasively argued that alike many people are applying to university (around thirty five percent of all students). So obtaining a degree is simply not worthwhile for some people given their future employment plans the time could be spent more wisely and constructively in actual work because nowadays universities are tone pressurised to take as many people as possible as they are funded per student but it is not always in the students best interest as many choose to skip lectures, but what sort o f government presumes to decide on behalf of the public what career they should follow?Everyone should have a innocent choice in deciding whether they want a degree or not, the argument of those opposing me is purely elitism, which is not right in a society like this. Those statistics just conceal the true problem without solving what is needed to be solved. It is like trying to ignore a river by building a dam. The water, like the problems, will just build and buildThis country is more developed and is still moving forward therefore more skilled graduates are needed.My own mother who left university nine years ago to her surprise saw that in her last bank statement money for her student loan had been removed from her account and this is happening to an increasing number of people as years go by.It has become more evident that many more people as years go by will be living off benefits and digging the country into a deeper hole. This is because more problems may arise much(prenomi nal) as crime as many people are becoming idle. The money the government doesnt want to pay on university will just be spent on jails and other problems to arise from this poor decision. It is up to you lose and you will be inevitably leaving university with debt to pay off or win and wont be discouraged from university as you will not have student loans and extra debt to pay off.

Employment Law and Compliance Plan Essay

Atwood and Allen Consulting Bradley Stonefield limousine religious serve enlisting and Selection Strategies Recommendations Atwood and Allen Consulting Bradley Stonefield Limousine dish Recruitment and Selection Strategies Recommendations The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company has been established to providetransportation to public. The first step is recruitment and selection of prospective peeled employees that testament organize and man the business.The tender-hearted Resource Department must explore resources to find right candidates. Recruitment and selection team must addressing the job responsibilities and scope of work of each new position. The staffing process is normally divided into recruitment phase and the selection phase. Recruitment is the searching and attracting of job seekers and the selection is the part job seekers are chosen to realise the offer to fill the vacant position.The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company first step is planning human resource. Develop policies, system, procedure and goal setting and order of performance appraisal. Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company interviews should occupy standard company operating procedures and recruitment policies that take care of the recruitment process. These policy, systems, procedures were prepared and approved by Bradley Stonefield. It will be limited reviewed yearly to ensure compliance to new laws and new business environment or requirement. The Human Resource will periodically review and assess the current and futurehuman resource requirements.The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company formal recruitment process begins when Bradley Stonefield decide or announce the start of the operation of his business. mind moregoogle recruiting process essayBradley Stonefield makes that decision because he will have to finance the whole endeavor or business. HR staff initiates the request and documentation. The recruitment request will be evaluated by Bra dley Stonefield. He will take several factors in consideration in making his evaluation together with his HR staff. Among the factors he will have to consider are postings, the requirements, the financial constraint, and so forth. Once he approved the recruitment process it will be a go to implement. The job description and person specification is to be prepared by HR staff in consultationwith Bradley Stonefield. These will contain the details of duties and responsibilities to be performed by the selected individual.The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company will advertise the job opening in major media of mass circulation and community service bulletins. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company will shortlist candidates for interview. If the applicant meets all the essential criteria defined in the job description the next process is the interview phase. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company will conduct a two part interview sessions two sessions for driver s. First is the personality, background, skillset interview, which is the preliminary interview. This also includes the authentication of drivers attest and drug test. Before the preliminary interview start, the candidates are required to fill application form. It will contain information such as the applicants personal biodata, job experiences, and reason for leaving previous employment.Successful candidates in the first interview will be required to come back for the second base interview. Bradley Stonefield and HR staff will make decision who to hire. All candidates will be asked the same questions and will be presented the same situational scenario or event. All questions will be job related to determine the suitability of the applicant to the position being filled out, whether that is a limousine driver or customer service receptionist The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company policies will serve as a guideline and administer the company employment process. The hiring procedure ensures that the most qualified candidates is selected. Bradley Stonefield uses a rigorous recruitment and selection process, which complies to the equal opportunity policy.The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company recruitment strategies in vital in finding top talent. The recruitment strategies that are implemented by Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company are as follows 1.) Recruiting through Internet. One of the advantages of using the internet is that it is easily accessible by anyone. 2.) Referrals. Recommended by friends, colleagues, acquaintances. 3.) Advertisements. Advertise job vacancies in the of newspapers great circulation. Again, it is extremely important that the selection process be evaluated regularly to verifyand confirm that the right applicants or employees have been selected or chosen. If Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company if the company has significant turnover in a given position, the process of recruitment and selection must be changed.People are a major component of any business, and the management of people (or human resource management, HRM) is a major part of every private instructors job. It is also the specialized responsibility of the HR department. HRM involves five major areas staffing, retention, development, adjustment, and managing change. Together they compose the HRM system, for they describe a network of interrelated components. The HRM function is responsible for(p) for maximizing productivity, quality of work life, and profits through better management of people. Hiring manager, like Bradley Stonefield, must focus on recruiting activities aimed at attracting the right candidates for the job. Based on the needs and forecasts for future needs, Bradley Stonefield will need to direct his efforts toward the best option for recruiting the right candidates. For instance, focusing on traditional newspaper advertisements is appropriate for driver positions with the Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company.Selecting the right candidate requires identifying the specific skills, knowledge and qualities you seek and desire in a worker. This can pertain to the necessary skills and knowledge for the position itself, such as a specific degree or certification, and the desired personal qualities, such as a preference to hire employees with good moral and good standards. Other important parts of the selection process include conducting any necessary aptitude tests and conducting a thorough background check to ensure the employee meets the prefatorial qualifications of both the position and the company.

Shortage of Water in Pakistan

Shortage of urine in Pakistan As we all know, Pakistan is veneering severe shortage of water. There are two main reasons, one due to persistent droughtswhich is beyond the control of a man, and the other due to miss- way of water resources. Impact on economy / society * less(prenominal) water means less agricultural yields, meaning they cannot fulfill the food requirements of the nation, so they need to be dependent on other countries. Due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the Industries related to them will suffer adversely * Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase the unemployment further. Water Issue between Pakistan & India * Concern is growing in Pakistan that India is controlling the water flow of rivers that flow from India into Pakistan.Pakistan has raised objections to Indian water projects, but a World Bank-appointed neutral expert rejected most of the Pakistani objections. * Pakistani commentators, think that India is controlling the river waters to strangulate Pakistani agriculture, which could affect Pakistani exports and increase its dependency on food imports. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CRISIS ? * A impression of natural factors * Poor water resources management * Increased pollution of surface & free-base water * Population explosion * Over exploitation of ground waterHow can they solve this problem? Creating awareness on * water resources and its conservation & management * A forestation activities * Rain water harvesting * Environmental randomness & education * Prevention & control of water pollution * Recycle of waste water * Use of modern irrigation techniques * Authorities should take fascinate steps to curb the illegal extraction of water and ensure its equitable distribution. * government should make laws on water conservation, like many western countries.IMPORTANCE OF DAMS FOR PAKISTAN * Irrigation. * electri cal Energy. * Water Supply for everyone. * Flood Control. Conclusion The problems faced by the water sector in Pakistan are many, acute and serious. Therefore, building more reservoirs/dams and having an effective management strategy are the needs of time. Also implementation of the solutions I gave you will enable the country to meet the challenges ahead, and achieve the objectives to become a nation with no water shortage.

Racial Diversity in Society Worksheet Essay

African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, because, as indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004. African Americans befool achieved higher levels of education than immigrants to the United States. African Americans also have the highest level of Congressional representation of any minority group in the United States.A large majority of African Americans also support the classless Party. In the 2004 Presidential Election, Democrat rump Kerry received 88 percent of the African American voters compared to 11 percent for republican George W. Bush. Historicall(a)y, the African Americans who supported the Republican Party only votes were because of the Republican President Abraham Lincoln due to him helping grant freedom to American slaves.At the time, the Republicans and Democrats represented the sectional interests of the North and South, res pectively, quite an than any specific beliefs, and both Republicans and Democratic were represented equally in both parties. The African American trend of voting for Democrats can be traced all the way back to the 1930s during the Great Depression. When Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal program provided economic relief to African Americans Roosevelts New Deal union turned the Democratic Party into an organization of the working class and their liberal allies, regardless of region.The African American voters became even more exclusively Democratic, when Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for the civil rights legislation during the 1960s. After over 50 years, the marriage rates for all Americans began to decrease while the divorce rates and out-of-wedlock births have increased. These changes have been the great amongst the African Americans.

TransitionTheoryAfafIbrahimMelesis

My goal was to help hem stay as independent as possible so they could lie in their own living environment as well as deprivationuce hospitalizing and improve outcomes for the company worked for. Started to incorporate some of the concepts use in the variety conjecture except more specifically the work of Mary Anally and Janet avant-garde Cleave who developed the Transitional Care cast from the University of Pennsylvania. By implementing the role of a transitional disquiet she-goat, I was able to support my patients with tools and information they needed to help them stay healthy enough to remain in their own stem.FAA Abraham Miles is a orientate nurse sociologist, educator, theorist, and researcher that began her nursing headacheer in her native Egypt in the sasss (Alligator, 2014). FAA Miles first developed Transition Theory while working on her doctorate in the mid sasss and further developed it over the next three decades while working as a nurse educator and research er. She conceptualized the idea of Transition Theory as it applies to nursing practice while working on her idea of role supplementation.Her theory is described as having four types of transition- developmental, situational, health/illness, and organisational Mles, Sawyer, Im, Hollering-Messiahs, & Schumacher, 2000, p. 17). FAA Miles Transitions Theory is used as its theoretical basis for the University of Pennsylvania center call Transitions and Health, directed by Mary Anally (Alligator, 2014). Was first introduced to transitional dread at a nursing conference attended to seek ways to improve outcomes for our chronically ill older patients and to keep them at alkali instead of being admitted in the hospital or nursing home.Often times a patient who is chronically ill is admitted to the hospital over multiple episodes of care for an exacerbation of an illness along with other commodities. Once the patient is stable, they are discharged to home with a plan of care that does non r eflect their needs, goals, learn style, or literacy level (Anally & new wave Cleave, 2010, p. 459). Usually nobody is involved in developing the discharge plan from his family or in the teaching of new medications prescribed. thither whitethorn even be possible dietary changes that need to be make by the patient.I am sure the hospital does an exceptional job managing their cracking medical checkup episode but they do not have time to address the root cause of their multiple, recent hospitalizing (Anally & Van Cleave, 2010, p. 459). Most patients do not understand what was discussed with them while inpatient. They just want to go home and will say they understand just to be able to do just that. They may not have the means to get to the pharmacy to get their new medications or they may not be able to consecrate the new medication. at that place are so many variables that can occur and that is why a transitional nurse may be beneficial.According to Anally & Van Cleave, the Trans itional Care Model (ETC) provides comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up care for chronically ill, high risk older adults admitted to the hospital for common deiced conditions. A transitional care nurse, who is usually master-prepared, follows patients from the hospital to their homes, providing evidence-based services aimed to meet the patient and family goals, improve health outcomes, and stop usual patterns of going to the emergency room for non- emergent needs (Anally & Van Cleave, 201 0, p. 60). The transitional care nurse focuses on increasing the patient and family ability to manage the frequent transitions in health that characterize chronic illness escape (Anally & Van Cleave, 2010). In relation of person, transition theory takes into inconsideration that all people are unique and will interpret their transition in diverse ways. The nurse must be able to assess how the patient perceives their change and develop therapeutics geared toward their perception, ass essing for feedback along the way (Chick & Miles, 1986).This can be achieved by exploitation the Transitional Care Model as a guideline. The home care agency worked for decided that I would follow our patients with a diagnosis of congestive sprightliness failure and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder with commodities and Medicare was their primary insurance. My role as the ruinations care nurse was to be the primary coordinator of care to assure that there was continuity of care throughout the next thirty days (episode of care) and readmission would be avoided.When a patient of ours was admitted to the hospital, I would visit the patient to do an in-hospital estimate and speak to the discharge planner to let them know what my role was once the patient was discharged. Once the patient was home, I would make home visits every week for the first two weeks and then follow- up phone calls the third and fourth week. Also was available by phone if they needed me anytime in betw een. My first home visit consisted of helping them fill out a personal health record which included current medications, medical conditions, emergency adjoins and so forth.This is when I would bump if they really understood what medications they were supposed to be taking and if they knew the reason why they were taking it for. Most patients had no clue why they were taking medicine for what medical condition or they were not taking the medication as prescribed by their physician because they did not think it was that important or they could not afford it. Sometimes the patient was taking the same medication but the deicing was labeled differently from different pharmacies. Ad the time to explain what each medication was and what it was used for. Was also able to resolve any medication discrepancy from the discharge instructions for the patient. We would call the physicians office together so it gave them a sense of well-being and gave them control of their own health which is a positive outcome according to Melanies transition theory. The second home visit usually consisted of education regarding their diagnosis and which red flags to be aware of pertaining to their illnesses.Socioeconomic status, education bevel, and cultural beliefs all affect potential health related outcomes (Mles et 2000). It is important as a nurse to be mindful of how to present information in a way that the patient will understand and be willing to make the changes needed to remain a healthful person. Emphasis on early identification of red flags and how the patient and/or family responds to the symptoms is a way to achieve positive outcomes and avoid readmission (Anally & Van Cleave, 201 0, p. 461).Contact is made via a telephone call instead of a home visit for the third and fourth consultation. This is the time hat would answer any be medication questions, discuss the outcomes of their recent follow-up appointment with either their primary care physician or specialist, help the m make an appointment with their physicians if they have not already done so, and reinforce when or if the patient would need to seek medical treatment. Often times, the patient and or family felt comfortable with their health goals because they were a part of making them which made them feel more accountable.Even though would not be following up with them on a regular basis they knew they could contact me and I would help them in any way I could. While in my role as the transitional care nurse, felt I made a difference in the company by improving outcomes and patient satisfaction. It was very rewarding to be a part of the patients health experience but in a different way than I was before. I witnessed a transition or change in the patients attitude towards their health because they were made to be a part of the process not just a person with an illness who did not know anything.Unfortunately, due to zero reimbursement from insurance companies, the transitional care nurse position w as eliminated. The Transitional Care Model is a good concept but more research deeds to be done so insurance companies can see the value in such a program. Ms. Melanies Transition Theory has been applied to many different nursing research projects that afford to distinct populations undergoing change (Alligator, 2014). Through the nursing research that is being performed at the university of Pennsylvania where Ms.

“Federal Reserve” Bailouts will Devalue the Dollar

Since at least August of 2008, the privately owned feederal Reserve family of members banks are being bailed out by the US taxpayer. Some financial writers such as Rodgers (2008) hold that the bailout has been occurring for far longer, but at least as far as the rather timid news media are concerned, the mankind side of the bailouts has occurred since September of 2008. This will lead to a serious devaluation of an already de rankd vaulting horse. The reasons and theory will be described in the body of this paper.The basics are the following after years of reckless lending and irresponsible spending by the public, the value of major(ip) investments, especially real estate, was dangerously overvalued. chronic high returns gave banks incentives, at all trains, to extend credit with few controls, leading to the inevitable crunch that many mainstream writers claimed would never happen. The result, predictably, is that the larger institutions such as the major insurance form AIG, wer e to be bailed out.The mechanism for this bail out is rather simple the toxic paper held by the private banks are to be change for marginally less toxic paper from the Treasury. However, this paper has no value unless the Federal Government could borrow the silver. At the moment, on that point is an inexplicable international curse in the American government to forward the money, but the official $800 billion figure is far from the truth. Far more money is needed, and has been invested in this scam already. The arguments in favor of the bailout are poor and contrived.They seem to revolve around the argument that if the major institutions fail, the shocks through the rescue would be so bad as to furbish up even the most marginal taxpayer in America. With major bank and insurance blows, the ordinary man in the street would be severely affected. Hence, the bailout is meant to protect the taxpayer. In addition, the argument also tacks on the addendum that the paper taken from the failing institutions will eventually be resold on the international markets once the crisis has passed and some level of cartel bas been regained (Warring, 2008).This argument is very poorly thought out, since, by the identical token, ones boss should have his debts paid by the US taxpayer since his failure would lead to his employees losing their jobs. Hence, his debts should be paid. The argument against the bailout is equally simple it continually places the economy at the mercy of borrowed money, and, more importantly, that the people who helped create this crisis are precisely the same ones that are being rewarded through bailouts.It is fundamentally undemocratic and oligarchic in that the ordinary taxpayer in debt receives foreclosure, while the elite receive taxpayer money. Lastly, and more importantly comparative to this essay, the continuing bailouts of the major economic players will dangerously increase the money supply and lead to hyperinflation (Warring, 2008). In d ealing with the question of inflation and the fall of the dollar, the temper of the Federal Reserve institution require to be dealt with. First of all, the Fed was created in 1913 as a private institution, not a part of the federal officialeral government.Its member banks, according to Standard and Poor, are the Rothschild dynasty in London, the Seif dynasty in Italy, Lehman Bros in New York (allowed to fail in September), Chase Manhattan and Goldman Sachs, both in New York. spell some may protest that the executive branch has some appointative power over the Fed, the reality is that the above firms are some of the most generous with their money in presidential campaigns, and the Federal Election Commission reports that Goldman Sachs was the leading campaign contributor to both Obama and McCain campaigns, with $4 million to Obama and almost $1.5 million to McCain (Open Secret Reports, 2009). Hence, it needs to be mentioned straight forward that the Fed banks are self governing a nd help elect the president in the first place. Hence, given the makeup of the Feds board, little discussed outside the web, one can see that the bailout is over not merely the American financial sector, but the globes. The significance of the fed relative to dollar devaluation is that whatever the US government cannot raise though loans, itself repressive of the dollars value and repressive of international confidence, must be printed by the Federal Reserve members banks.In more detail, the situation looks like this The Federal Reserve international financial board of governors decided to increase the Monetary family (MB) of the country break down year. The MB is defined as the total amount of money in circulation convinced(p) the reserve of the members banks. This came to $1. 4 trillion by live on December, coming up from $800 billion a month prior (Engdahl, 2008). With this, banks still did not want to lend, and confidence did not increase. Hence, there is a huge kitten of l iquid that is forcing the dollar down that is not restoring confidence.This in part is because the US is broke, also in part that the amount of dollars held by foreign investors in China, the Arab World, Russia and India is a massive amount, continuing a downward pressure on the dollar and threatening the US with severe depression if these states decided to dump even a fraction of these dollars on the market. Is it possible that the bailout is really designed to give confidence to foreign governments and private banks who are thinking of purging their dollar reserves and piteous to Euros?The reality is that if there is a threat of devaluation, then states and investors might be induced to sell, creating a panic and bottoming out the currency. Since the Fed will not happen upon the recipients of the loans, and, further, the Treasury department will not disclose the nature of the toxic paper they are buying, there is no rebounding in confidence, hence, the dollar looks terrible in i nternational eyes. Hence, the Fed, realizing the state, which backs the dollar in the first place, has no money to lend, will merely print the money to fill the gap (Engdahl, 2008).Hence, given the stagnant MP, plus the fact that the bailout is being financed by foreign borrowing and by printing, there is no question that the dollar will fall. Since 2000, the dollar has lost 40% of its value against the Euro. In the chart below, the dollar is compared with the Euro during the bailout from 28 December 2007 to 27 January 2008. The below graph does indicate some recovery of the dollar against te Euro, but there can be no doubt as to the long term weakness of the US currency.Apparently, there is some mild increase in confidence that the bailout might make the US economy more solvent, but the below information is too limited for a full understanding. From the beginning of the bailout until mid November of last year, the US debt increased almost $958 billion. Add to this the record breaki ng trade deficit of almost $1 trillion, and the dollar is in serous trouble. The increase in public debt due to the bailout out is destroying the dollars value. According to Asia News (2008), the US is now committed to over $8.95 trillion dollars to the bailout. The total US economy was roughly $13 billion, with the full debt at about $10 trillion. About 61% of this debt was held by foreign investors, the majority Asian. Since trillions of dollars are held by Asian investors, and debt in the US (both private and public) reaches levels of complete insolvency, the Asians will insist on eliminating dollars as a method of doing business and hence, the dollar will not only well-fixed value, but collapse, leading to a crisis of Argentinian proportions in 2009 (Asia News, 2008).This year, the same author at Asia News writes But Asia now understands that the increase of money supply decreases the intimate value of a currency. That is why China is seeking a possible and rational attempt to decouple Asian currencies from the dollar, as recent news stories report. (Asia News, 2009). Hence, the maths is simple too many dollars in circulation, too much printing by the Fed to create the bailout liquidity means the devaluation and eventual collapse of the dollar, and the US taxpayer is powerless over the private Fed as well as the foreign investors that are publically now saying they will eliminate dollar reserves.The reality is this once there is a sense that a country is insolvent, and that it simply cannot pay its debts, compounded by a massive bailout that the country cannot perchance finance on its own, investors run to get rid of dollars. Even worse, capital fight can result, where money begins leaving the insolvent country, in this case the US, investing instead in Russia, China, Thailand or the EU. Hence, the bailout is merely the tail end of a long fall in th US dollar, a powerful symbolization of the US government and corporate governance to control investmen t and spending.

Xcom/285 Business Writing Portfolio

Business Writing Portfolio Mea Greenidge folk 26, 2010 XCOM/285 Essentials of Managerial Communication Axia College The report skills and techniques acquire in my Essentials of Managerial Communication class can and pull up stakes benefit me in my coming(prenominal) classes as well as in my c areer in umpteen ways. A few of the skills acquire are including, notwithstanding non limited to the appropriate ways of communicating depending on the audience, e-mail and commerce letter writing etiquette and also the importance of unbiased speaking in the disciplineplace.It is every(prenominal) important(p) to have been taught these skills as I now know that there are many tacks that conduct to be made to my coming(prenominal) air plan and crimson in my current work day. I can use the skills that I was taught to give efficient byplay lectures and presentations. The class also taught me the importance of appropriate introductions and apogee. Within this lesson I learned tha t every presentation should be altered based on the type of audience to whom it bequeath be presented to as a presenter can easily lose his or her audience if the presentation is not created specific all(prenominal)y for that audience.Another lesson in the Essentials of Managerial Communication class discussed the proper ways to begin business writing. It is important to have business writing mapped out and clearly thought out before one even begins writing. A writing map or outline can be used as a guide for a writer so that he or she may effectively include all the necessary information needed at heart the writing.In my future endeavors as a wife, mother, daughter, student, employee and future business woman, I pull up stakes take the skills learned from this communicatings class and apply them in any way come-at- adequate as these skills are skills that will only push me further down the road to success within my business. pic NOTICE OF CHANGE IN BUSINESS HOURS telling SEPTE MBER 1, 2010 In an effort to preserve force out and energy and due to the slowing economy, Effective September 1, 2010, Dress for All will be ever-changing its store hours to Monday-Saturday opening at 10am and closing at 9pm. MemorandumToALL COMPANY EMPLOYEES CCALL MANAGERS From ordinary RELATIONS MANAGER Date9/26/2010 ReNOTICE OF CHANGE OF BUSINESS HOURS Effective September 1, 2010, Dress for All will be changing its store hours to Monday-Saturday opening at 10am and closing at 9pm. As a result of this change all employee work hours will be changing as well. In the coming hebdomads full time employees work schedule will be reborn to a four day work week/ ten hour work day. For all percentage time employees, schedules will be converted to a 1, 2, or 3 day work week depending on the average lean of hours worked.There will NOT be a change in allowance at this time. Thank you all for your continued hark work and cooperation regarding this matter. If you have any questions or co ncerns, notice free to contact your immediate supervisor. Regards, Mea Greenidge Public Relations Manager Confidential E-MAIL To STORE MANAGERS CCOWNERS FromPUBLIC RELATIONS MANAGER Date9/26/2010 ReNOTICE OF CHANGE IN BUSINESS HOURS Managers, As you all may be aware the cost of gas has been rising vastly and in an effort to lower operations cost, Dress For All will be changing its store hours.The new store hours will be Monday-Saturday opening at 10am and closing at 9pm. As a result of the change in the business hours, there will also be a change in employee work hours. In the coming weeks full time employees work schedule will be converted to a four day work week/ ten hour work day. For all part time employees, schedule will be converted to a 1,2, or 3 day work week depending on the average number of hours worked. The change may be difficult to come up to for some of the employees, so it will be your chores as managers to assist and work with them as much as possible during th e transition.The employees will be notified of the change within the next week and will be enjoin to their immediate supervisors with any questions or concerns that they may have. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact me at any time. Regards, Mea Greenidge Public Relations Manager Many companies have implemented the benefit of tuition fee reimbursement. culture reimbursement benefits both the employer and the employee. Our company has approved a budget plan for the expansion of tuition reimbursement for those employees seeking a bachelors degree in business and communication.In most cases, companies begin determining whether or not to implement tuition assistance and/or tuition reimbursement during the developmental stages of the companys benefit package. otherwise companies wait for the success of the company to begin rolling, and then decide to provide additional benefits for its employees. Offering tuition assistance to employees seeking a bachelors degree in business and communication, will destine employees for new internal professional opportunities. Having employees with bachelors degree in business and communications will also benefit the company both financially and socially.Business communications degree programs teach students important skills theyll need to work in the communications-dependent world of business. Students come out of Business Communications programs ready to write, speak in everyday, schmooze with clients and do everything else it takes to work as communications managers, unrestricted relations medical specialists, technical writers and more. People who plump a business communication program are qualified for a wide range of careers and work in a multitude of industries a wide variety of industries require the skills and expertise gained in business communication degree program.People working in this field of operations are responsible for constructing, disseminating and evaluating diverse types of communi cations, including press releases, e-mails, picture commercials, print ads, business reports, conferences and websites. (Babcock, 2009) Companies with internal business and communication degree recipients are able to complete tasks internally and for a fraction of the normal cost, which another company would have to seek an external company to discharge the job. This will prove its self tremendously in the marketing department.Many companies are at times hale to seek additional resources when trying to market their company and/or products. Implementing the addition of tuition reimbursement to our employee benefits, will lessor the number of times we have to call outside sources, and provide us with more internal resources for marketing and public relations. According to the University of Phoenix, The Bachelor of Science in Business with a concentration in Communications promotes the familiarity and skills needed for effective communication within the business environment. Givin g employees the option to higher their education to terminate their bachelors degree in business and communication not only builds additional resonance between the employee and employer, but it also gives the employer the opportunity to create new positions based on the capabilities of the current employees. In addition to the perks, rewards and benefits received from the current position, having a bachelors degree in business and communication will boost ones earnings potential tremendously, which will ultimately boost the earning potential of the company in which they are employed. The monetary value of a college degree is hard to dispute. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, adults aged 18 and older holding a bachelors degree earned an average of $51,544 in 2004, compared with an average of $28,645 earned by those with a high school diplomaor about 73% more. Multiplied over the wrinkle of a lifetime, that could translate into a difference in income of hundreds of thousands of dollars. (Value of a College leg) Take public relations specialist for example, Median annual earnings for public relations specialists were $43,830 in 2004.Communications professionals involved in advertising and cogitate services had salaries of $50,450 in the same year. Therefore, the earning potential of individuals seeking a bachelors degree in business and communications will increase immensely following the completion of the program. Not only will the employees who take advantage of the newly implemented benefit of tuition reimbursement see an increase in their earning potential, they will also see an increase of different positions within a business that they now qualify for.The of the different careers people with a bachelors degree in business and communications include but are not limited to, a Public Relations Specialists, Technical Writers, and Communications Managers. Graduates of Business Communications bachelors degree programs generally have better employment o pportunities than students who graduate from associate programs. ( schooling-Portal) Competition within the field of business communications is particularly high at the entry-level, and the number of qualified applicants usually exceeds the number of job openings available.Employments for a business communication degree regiments is expected to grow faster than average to 2014, as the bring for professional and its skilled candidates grows with the competitive business industry. As previously stated, having internal employees with the capabilities of the above mentioned job titles will benefit the company in multiple ways including being able to complete different task without being required to hire an outside company or individual. In most cases, businesses are able to tilize individuals with a degree in Business and Communications, to Draft press releases, contact people in the media, pee-pee speeches, conduct presentations, make film presentations, slideshows, and compile medi a kits. Putting together reports, articles, and news stories are also among the many things that can be done. When our company expands or employee benefits, adding tuition reimbursement for those seeking a Bachelors Degree in Business and Communications will ultimately only provide positive benefits for our company and its employees.With the skills and learning learned in the Business and Communications program, our employees will be able to boost our marketing and public relations department as well as our technical support and information systems department. In addition, with the competitiveness management and strong writing skills learned employees will also be able to assist in the employee relations department if needed. Adding tuition reimbursement for those seeking a Bachelors degree in business and communications will ultimately be another step forward in our companys journey to success. References Babcock, Pamela. 2009. Always More to Learn. HRMagazine 54, no. 9 51. Mast erFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed September 14, 2010). Education-Portal. com copyright 2003-2010 Education-Portal. com. All other trademarks and Copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved. Tuition Reimbursement and More. Connection The Journal of the New England Board of Higher Education 19, no. 1 (Summer2004 2004) 21. Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed September 14, 2010). Value of a College Degree. Facts On File Issues & Controversies, EBSCOhost (accessed September 26, 2010).

The Manual Transmission System Engineering Essay

In this study, I am traveling to analyse and contrast the difference between Toyota 5 velocity manual gear box transmitting and Toyota 5 velocity reflexive transmittance dodging.2. History of the transmission systemIn 1894 Louis-Rene Pan unenviable and Emile Levassor invented the modern transmission.Today we still use the same establish since it was introduced. The construct is still the same that the crank quill pen connects from the locomotive engine to the transmittance ray of light through seize. The latter is mounted to gear mechanisms which see to it and run the transmitting of the gesture that is coming from the engine to the wheels. Few experiments have been d atomic number 53 virtually part and Numberss of ge atomic number 18d wheels but still until today the same construct is applied. To do it easier for the driver to hold in velocity and with charge of cogwheels, synchromesh cogwheels and a un fileed rear axle were invented. Alternatively of holding cogwheels engage and disengage once much from each(prenominal) otherwise, a cable car transmitting that had cogwheels and uninterrupted with each other was introduced, all the cogwheels were traveling and the Canis familiaris buckle was intentional in order to link the cogwheels that ar caused to revolve by engine and travel the wheels frontward. incompatible cogwheels with polar sizes are designed to increase or diminish the impulse of the fomite. The most popular transmission systems were 4 velocity contagions which its top cogwheel ( 4th ) had a ratio of 11 while other cogwheels had lower ratios. Then, applied scientists came with a fifth cogwheel in which will increase the ratio by 1 between the engine revolutions per minute and the wheel revolutions per minute that is known as overdrive.Ameri buns discoverers Harold Sinclair and Richard Spikes designed self-activating rifle transmittal while German discoverers invented the automatonlike transmittal fundamental des ign. While General Motors provided automatic transmittal in all of their autos that were manufactured from 1938 and by the terminal of 1940s most of the auto manufactures withdrawered at least one transmittal in their theoretical accounts. Electric autos besides fitted with electric auto transmittal. at one time the market for automatic transmittal is immense and most autos are manufactured with it ( Car transmittal, 2006 )3. voluntary transmittal systemThis is the geek of transmittal that is cap qualified of altering the gear ratios automatically while the vehicle is traveling without the motive of the driver to manually alter the cogwheel utilizing the gear stick. The chief intent of the transmittal is to supply the following(prenominal) resultImpersonal to maintain the engine running without the cogwheel, or traveling the vehicle.Lower cogwheels for taking off intent and for operating in heavier state of affairs.Higher cogwheels for cruising, steeper velocity and lighter weight grow gear to travel the vehicle backwards.Transfering the drive knottiness to the needed wheels ( Crolla, D, 2009, P, 109 )The automatic transmittal comes into two dissimilar types. The front wheel thrusts vehicles that are designed to a greater extent compact than rear wheel thrust vehicle s transmittals that are usually connected in the engine compartment in which they are known as transaxle. Both of these types of transmittal do the same occupation and same design of the world(a) cogwheel train.The inseparable tidy sum for the front wheel drive transmittal is variousial, while the rear wheel thrust transmittal has externally mounted derived function which is uses the thrust shaft to associate up with the transmittal.The automatic transmittal system kiboshs few study(ip) constituents. These arePlanetal cogwheel social unitTorque converterHydraulic support unitSealing waxs and gunketComputerGovernor/ modulatorThe above six constituents perform assorted respons ibilities in transmittal as explained below ( Toyota proficient prepa ration ) .Planetal gear unitThe intent of monotonetal gear unit is to supply and altering diametrical gear ratios. By and large, the planetal cogwheel unit contains three major parts. These are pealing cogwheel, interior cogwheel ( sun cogwheel ) and planetal bearer that carries three or four cogwheels which are between the interior cogwheel and outer ring cogwheel.Planetal cogwheel unitWhen one portion of the planetal cogwheel connects to the input shaft which leads to the engine, the 2nd portion is held still and the 3rd portion commonly wedded to the end product shaft. It all depends on which portion stays still, which one is the input or end product because it will ensue in different gear ratios. Thingss such as pasture brake sets, hydraulic overtake battalions and one manner comprehends are used in the planetal cogwheel to command the power flow. Every cogwheel links up to a combination of clasp battal ions and bake sets being engaged or disengaged ( Samarins.com )Torque convertorIs a unstable type yoke, that lets the engine to revolve freely without the aid from the transmittal, if the engine is running on the loose(p), tick overing or on the halt traffic, there is a teeny sum of tortuousness that is passed via torsion convertor, less force play per unit area is besides required on the brake pedal to maintain the auto stationary. Besides when you put more than force per unit area on the gas pedal, it speeds up and adds more precarious into the torsion convertor which causes the wheels to have more torsion.The torsion convertor living accommodations contains five major constituents. Pump is fixed to lodging, turbine that is connected through end product shaft to transmittal, stator coil has end product that is connected to fixed shaft in transmittal, politic and convertor clasp. This lodging is attached to the engine s flywheel and rotates and at any velocity that the en gine is whirling. The torsion convertor besides has pumps that is do up of fives and are attached to the lodging that uses the same velocity as engine to turn.Centrifugal type pump is used inside the torsion convertor, as it rotates it causes the fluid to be thrown outside and this execution creates the vacuity that draws a batch of fluid in at the Centre. Once the fluid arrives in the blades of the turbine, the transmittal begins to revolve and this causes the auto to travel, the turbine s blades are curved and this makes the fluid that is coming from the exterior to travel into different manner before it goes to the Centre of the turbine, this changing of way is the 1 that causes the turbine to whirl. In other manner we advise set that both turbine and the fluid spin in different way and this creates the force as an result. This fluid that exists from the turbine is normally traveling into different way as the pump and engine bend, because if the fluid hits the pump straight, i t may do the engine to blow power or decelerate it follow upward and that is why there is a stator in the torsion convertor ( Builders transmittal and used auto Inc. ) .Hydraulic control unitA transmittal fluid is displace utilizing the engine oil pump that controls the public presentation of the auto clasps that helps the planetal cogwheel sets to work swimmingly.Sealing waxs and gasketTheir work is to back up and keep the right topographic point of the engine oil and halt it from leaking outside.Governor / ModulatorThis controls and proctors throttle buttocks and the velocity of the auto to find when to alter the cogwheels.ComputerThis is the major unit that uses detectors to command all the activities such as engine velocity, engine burden, throttle place, brake pedal place etc. ( Carazoo, 2010 )4. MaterialsThe stuffs that are used to construct clasp or transmittal have to defy heat, clash, lasting, strong, trying and tough. These stuffs are organic, Kevlar, segmented Kevla r, intercrossed C, ceramic and sintered Fe ( UUC Motorwerks, 2003 )5. Advantages of automatic transmittal systemThe torsion convertor gives more engine torsions and reduces the strain and the daze of the full thrust line. A lock up clasp is included in the latest automatic transmittal, this helps in maximising the fuel economic system because of its strike mechanical linkage from the engine to the transmittal. A vehicle with automatic transmittal is in reality comfy and easy to drive as the driver does non necessitate to manually alter the gear ratios.Automatic transmittal clear besides be powerful and strong because of the agreement of the Sun cogwheel and ring cogwheel, this addition the cogwheel s contacts that reduces the cogwheel s breakage and supplies more torsion on large country ( Rowe, R. 2010 )6. Disadvantages of automatic transmittalSince the automatic transmittal is made up of several constituents, the chief reverse sack happen when respective(prenominal) portion i nterruptions down working and this sack up do a transmittal to halt working, as a consequence maintaining or repairing it can be really expensive. Besides the entire velocity of the vehicle is controlled by the computing machine that manages the transmittal, and the driver can lose the acceleration beyond a certain velocity.Automatic transmittal can overheat easy.7. Manual transmittal systemThis is the type of transmittal in which the driver has to manually alter the cogwheel ratio scene by utilizing the cogwheel stick inside the auto.There are two types of manual transmittals. The changeless mesh design and the sliding cogwheel type. The sliding-gear type, no portion is routine inside the transmittal instance except the chief thrust cogwheel and bunch cogwheel when the transmittal is in impersonal. In order to engage the cogwheels and use engine power to travel the vehicle, the driver pushes the clasp pedal and moves the teddy boss, which shifts a linkage and forks to skid a cogw heel along the chief shaft that is connected directly above the bunch. Once the cogwheels are meshed, the clasp pedal is released and the power from the engine is sent to the thrust wheels. There can be different cogwheels on the chief shaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmittal displacement linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one cogwheel before being able to engage another. With these older transmittals, gear clang is a job because the cogwheels are all revolving at different velocity ( Cook, M. 2009 )The 5 velocity manual transmittal cogwheel box has a three plane agreement order with contrary cogwheel alongside 5th cogwheel and uses a particular fluid to run. Traveling forks are attached to three broad base tracks that work in ordered bush for less clash, these traveling levers are connected together to the shifting overseas telegrams. Every one of them uses different manner with selected lever and this creates less switching trys for a drive r, it besides avoids to by chance prosecuting the contrary cogwheel from 5th because of the manner it is designed to run, it shifts the crossing over lever into three to four cogwheel without thronging or binding.The displacement boss is normally used to command the gear ratios. The forward cogwheel ratios are synchronised utilizing great capacity double cone brass ( 1st and 2nd ) and other cogwheels are synchronized with paper clash stuffs which is more strong and clang resistant than brass. The input shaft uses paper stuffs synchroscopes, by cutting revolving inactiveness it helps to cut down the shifting attempt. A rearward battle clang can be minimised by utilizing a brake mechanism.The needle roller bearings are fixed to cut down clash and extend gear life. The instance itself is cast in merely two pieces to cut down leak waies structural ribs strengthen and indurate the instance to cut down noise and quiver with little or no excess weight. The instance has good bending stiff ness, offering a natural relative frequency above the exciting frequence of the engine at peak revolutions per minute ( Massey, K. 2010 )8. batch systemA manual transmittal system will non work without a clasp. This is the mechanism that is used for conveying rotary exploit that can be engaged and disengaged. This is controlled by the driver who uses a particular release mechanism to command the motion of the torsion between them.The clasp assemblyA individual record player indicate clasp assembly contains four major partsthe rear face of the flywheel- a drive memberthe clasp disc- the goaded memberthe force per unit area place base assembly-a drive memberthe release mechanism-disengages and engages the clasp( May, E. 2004. p,250 )8.1 Types of claspsMultidisc clasp that contain two or more phonograph records are normally used in automatic transmittal, tug rhythms and heavy mechanical equipment. While the manual transmittal is operated utilizing a dry clasp and there is no lubr ication between surfaces. The automatic transmittal clasp operates nasty, it is enclosed in the transmittal instance that is full of lubrication fluid.By and large, in automatic transmittal there is no clasp pedal and a gear displacement ( Roymech, 2010 )( Genta & A Morello, 2009 P, 425 )There are so many different types of clasps such as cone clasps, wet clasps and dry clasps but the common one uses one or more clash phonograph record that are pushed really tight together or against the fly wheel utilizing a limit. A Clasp contains two revolving shafts, one is operated utilizing block and the other one uses a different method, these two shafts are connected together by the clasp so that they can be locked together and revolving at the same primp while it engages, or be decoupled and rotate at different velocity while it disengages. The input shaft is used at the Centre of the force per unit area to prosecute the splines of the clash phonograph record hub. The clasp and flywheel assembly whirling as one unit when the engine is revolving. The flywheel is having the torsion from the engine, uses the clash that is incident from the clasp phonograph record to the spline hub into the transmittal. When the clasp pedal is moved, it manages and controls the motion of the torsion between two units. The force per unit area home base can be retracted against the springs force and frees the phonograph record from its clamping action by dejecting the pedal. These two units and clamping force can be connected once more by let go ofing the pedal one time once more.This is a really of importation mechanism whenProsecuting the transmittal into cogwheel, the input shaft from the transmittal must be disengaged from the engine.The pedal is released easy, it provides a piecemeal battle of the thrust, as the facings faux pass of the clash faux pas, and this lets the torsion to be applied endlessly until these two units are connected really tightly.Choosing different ratio, altering cogwheels when the vehicle is traveling, for this to go on, the engine torsion from the transmittal must be interrupted.The disengaged of the transmittal that causes the vehicle to halt and allow the engine tally at tick overing velocity.The co-efficient of clash between the clash facings and their coupling surfaces, the entire spring force and the sum of facings in contact can make up ones mind the torsion that is transferred by the clasp. If you want to increase the tortuousness capacity, the diameter of the clasp needs to be increased and this will do the spring force to increase. Multi home base clasp can be made by holding two or more clasp home bases every bit good as increasing the figure of facings and torque capacity. They are utile where by cut downing the diameter is good or where by increasing the spring strength is unwanted. ( CDX online eTextbook ) .9. Advantages of manual transmittal systemThe manual transmittal vehicles are normally cheaper and good in tut orship comparison to the automatic 1s, this is because altering of the fluid can be really less, besides when it breaks down it is more than probably that the clasp needs to be replaced and this can salvage you a batch from purchasing a new or 2nd manus transmittal.It gives better control because of the faster displacement response, this is chiefly out-of-pocket to the bad conditions. They can every bit good be good in braking because the driver is non contending the attempt of the automatic transmittal to travel frontward. It can be good is footings of fuel economic system because you can switch the cogwheel into impersonal and avoiding drive in lower cogwheels.A skilled driver at switching cogwheels will hold a better grip in snowy, muddy or slick conditions and might every bit good be easier to acquire of the unsafe state of affairs than automatic 1. Manual transmittal is besides lighter in weight.And there is a fun point of postal service in driving manual because it keeps yo u active and keeps you cognizant of what is traveling on around you ( Moore, S. 2010 )10. Disadvantages of manual transmittal systemDriving manual auto in traffic can be really pain full particularly when there is a stop start drive, automatic autos are more comfy in this instance.It is really improbable to happen a manual transmittal auto with a sail control. Most auto now are built in automatic transmittal so there is less approachability of autos with manual transmittal every bit good as the troubles in larning how to drive manual transmittal autos.11. Report SummaryThis has been a successful study and I have researched a batch of information about this subject. Indeed I have acquired a batch transmittal system. Here are some few pointed aligned belowHistory of the transmittalWhat is automatic transmittal systemMajor constituents of the automatic transmittal and how they workAdvantages and disadvantages of automatic transmittal systemWhat is manual transmittal systemClasp assem bly and clasp constituents and how they workAdvantages and disadvantages of manual transmittal system12. DecisionsHarmonizing to my apprehension in the study, it shows the chief difference between automatic transmittal and manual transmittal is that automatic transmittal uses torque convertor to make power while manual transmittal uses clasp to prosecute and withdraw the cogwheels. Besides automatic autos are in really high demanding since most of the constituents are controlled by computing machines now in the auto. It besides shows that one time the automatic transmittal breaks it can be really difficult and complicated to repair it and this may stop up in replacing the whole transmittal. In footings of manual cogwheel box, the study shows they are really hard to interrupt or decease every bit good as less care excessively, this is one of the best things in manual transmittal because it can last for long clip without anything happen.From my point of short letter I would ever urge to travel for manual auto if you enjoy the cogwheel altering ration as I do.

Pyrex Case Study Essay

The current dilemma with World Kitchen is to proceed making Pyrex themselves, or to turn onward the manufacturing out and buying it that way. This troubles has arisen beca hire of the aging Pyrex correct in Charleroi indispens adequatenesss an upgrading and they sustain decided to look at it to see if it is break away to outsource it or to produce the pose and continue to make it. Pyrex was first started in the early 1900s by Corning Glass Works. It was do by mistake when Bessie Littleton the wife of a Corning druggist ask her husband to bring home s some strong shatterproof glass for her to use in the kitchen. What her husband did was bring ii jars home, made of low- expansion glass. Bessie had cooked a sponge legal profession in one of the glasses and she found out that the cooking time was shorter, it did non stick to the glass, the flavor wash off of it and did not stick to the glass, and she could see through it to see how the cake was baking. The Chemist then to ok the cake to his work the hailing day and had his coworkers look at what she had made with the glass he took home. They then began a two course serve to perfect the glass and to start selling it. So in 1915 Pyrex started to overhead department and China stores everywhere. World Kitchen was formed in 2000 and is the current owner of Pyrex. World Kitchen already outsources a bunch of their mathematical w atomic number 18s and this is so they stub confirmation competitive with the contestation.That is because with a cluster of their current mathematical proceedss they are made cheaper overseas versus the cost it would be to make them in the states. By 2006 World Kitchen only owned two lays in United Stated the Pyrex one in Charleroi and a Corelle Plant. The two plants use different forms of technology, the Charleroi plant uses tempering the thick translucent glass while the Corelle plant uses a processes by pressing ternion layers of thin strengthened opaque glass toget her. In the Charleroi plant they ease up a furnace that has to beat 24 hours a day and it is extremely costly to run. So if they were to keep the Charleroi Plant the first thing that they would arrive at to intensify is the furnace and find a better way to heat the glass. That way they would not have to forever run it and they could slow subject and speed up drudgery accordingly. Since World Kitchen before long outsources the manufacturing of a lot of their other wares theyhave existing relationships with potential manufacturers that might be interested in making the Pyrex Line. The problem is that there might not be a foreign plant that force out meet the h oldish for the Pyrex line of convergences.Also with contracting the product and making it overseas, in order for World Kitchen to get the product back in the United States they leave alone be paying Tariffs and those Tariffs vary from country to country. World Kitchen is currently a privately owned come with which is better because with the decision to either continuing to manufacture Pyrex or to outsource it impart be done directly by the head CEOs and they go away not assume to worry to the highest degree what stockholders think. According to market research done in 2006 it was an enter that 79 portion of homes owned at least one Pyrex product. It likewise showed that Pyrex held a 75 percent share of the current market. World Kitchen s market share was dominant among makers of glass makers, the Pyrex products was also compared to no glass products such as metal, plastic, and ceramic bake ware. So we are going to look at the pros and cons that are associated with continueing production at the Charleroi plant or if it testament be better to outsource the production of Pyrex.1. What are the pros and cons of continuing production at the Charleroi plant?When a supply chain of mountains is choosing a manufacturer or a product to carry, one of the things they usually look at is where it is made. This is because depending on the location there are different pros and cons that toilette be associated with the product. For example Pyrex is made in Charleroi, Pennsylvania and I am going to talk about the pros and the cons of Pyrex continuing the production here. One of the main good things about continuing the production at the Charleroi plant is that you arsehole manage the production and the quality on a day to day basis or besides you like. If it was somewhere out of the country than you would not be commensurate to visit the plant as frequently and assure the analogous standard of quality that was suspected of it. Another good thing about continuing production here is that is has the stamp Made in the USA which is a good marketing system within itself. That is because people in the US like and are bequeathing to buy a product more if it was made on its on soil. The logistics of transporting the goods will be cheaper and you will not have to jump through the hoops of importingit into the states. This will mean that you will always have the same delivery time for an order to whomever you are sending it to. If it is made overseas there are a numerous number of things that lot delay an order that is out of the manufacturers and buyers hands.A lot of states offer companies appraise credits for having a plant in the state and creating jobs for people within that state. Another thing about continuing production at the Charleroi plant is that Pyrex will not have to veer anything it is currently doing with production, logistics, and personnel. When you change something that you are currently manufacturing and the way it is made you are risking the possibility of a drastic change to the product. thither are also costs related to changing the location and bringing in people to dish out make that happen. Along with the good things about having the Charleroi plant in operation there are also a number of cons that haunt this. One thing is that y ou might lose some of the market because the competition will be selling a product that is cheaper and this is because it is cheaper to make overseas. You might not be qualified to compete with the expenditure and thus lose customers. Another low-spiritedside would be having to deal with unionized workers in the US, if they do not like their pay or some type of labor condition they could go on strike which will than put production on a halt and currency and product will be lost. Another downside about the Charleroi plant is the furnace and the costs to operate it each year.They stated one year they were to make 41 million pieces of Pyrex and the cost to make the pieces would be 39 million. So making that over oftentimes product you would only have a 2 million dollar profit, which isnt bad except the labor and the costs of paying the workers is the most expensive thing and can be cut down or so far out if there are better and cheaper ways to make. Along with the expense you do not have the flexibility to operate the furnace when you want and you do not have the flexibility to change the speed of production that much either. You cannot control how many products and how much time it takes to make as sanitary and this is because the furnace controls that because you cannot speed it up or slow it down. The furnace is the bottle neck of the batch process and even to upgrade it and make it a better process is going to cost Pyrex quite a bit of money and time. Probably the main con about continuing production here is the cost that is going to be associated with upgrading the facility. Just make the furnace alone is going to cost an estimated 12 milliondollars. While you are rebuilding the furnace and upgrading the facilities you are going to have to look at a different location to help with the production of Pyrex anyways. This goes in hand with the current profit margin which was only 2 million dollars off of 39 million dollars worth of product. This is beca use of the high costs that was associated with making the Pyrex at the Charleroi plant. 2. What downside might there be with the inshore outsourcing production of the Pyrex product line to oversea suppliers.One of the major downsides of offshore outsourcing of the product lines to different countries is get the product back in the United States. This is called Tariffs and they can range from 22.5 percent to 4 percent depending on the country and what the US import rate is for that country. So that is something that will overall make the product price somewhat even out. You will have the cheaper labor and not-so strict manufacturing guidelines in some other countries besides you will have to pay the tariff to get it back here. One of the major and first things that they need to look at though is to make sure that the over sea companies will be able to match the productivity with the demand of the product. If they are not able to manufacture enough of the product in a certain time than Pyrex will be losing money to the competition that might have the uniform type of product in stock. Another thing that the suppliers quoted were the lead times that it could take them to get the product to the distribution center. These times ranged from 4 days to 36 days, depending on what country the product would come from.These can change from day to day according to the situation as well, because there might be a delay at the inspection to get the freight into the United States or a storm holds off the shipment on the other side of the world. So orders will need to be put in almost 2 months ahead of time. This is possible as we have learned in previous chapter, to do but will not be as accurate versus 2 weeks ahead of time. So this can lead to either an over or understock of items. This is because the demand for the product can change on a weekly basis based off many factors. If the work and process is outsourced than you also run the possibility of another country or com pany getting the process and making a ape product. This was very done in China when they were searching for glass manufacturersthere. This is because other countries might not follow or have the strict patent laws that the US follows. This is one reason why there are a lot of fake items made in other countries. In China, they uncovered companies claiming to be the producers of the product and even used the Pyrex logo on their website.Another thing that I mention in forefront number one is they will not have control over the manufacturing of the product as much as they do now. If they contract it out overseas, unless they hire someone to always be at the plant they will not know if the contractile organ is making the product like it was originally made and if the contractor takes short cuts than the product will lose its originality and quality possibly. That marrow the recipe to make the product can be changed and with something like glass, when you barely change the way it is m ade it will drastically effect the quality. If you have a strict contract that states the product will be made for a number old age the exact same way, you cannot just change it in the middle of a contract when you contract it overseas. That means if market research shows the product can be more potent or cost effective made a certain way, you have to wait until the contract ends with the current manufacturer before you can change anything about it. If it still made by the company in the states you can change the product however you want whenever you want. That includes if you want to start manufacturing a new line of products with the Pyrex quality and name. It will be much longer because you will have to negotiate the process and prices with the contractor versus just getting the amount and materials yourself and starting it when it is the most appropriate.3. If the recommendation is to offshore outsource, what issues have to be addressed with the Charleroi plant? If Pyrex deci des to go to offshoring outsourcing the product than the Charleroi plant has to have some type of shutdown procedure. These procedures are important because it is a plan that will help lay off or redistribute the workers as well as the products and equipment. One of the biggest problems is to throw and layoff the workers once they find out the Charleroi plant is being shut down. Shutdowns are usually announcements that the company or organization will tell everyone so they can prepare what to do next. They need to retain a number of workers though while they look for and implement their outsourced manufactures tostart making the products. A lot of workers will start looking for new jobs and quit to start those new jobs, this can be good because the company will not have to lay off a bunch of workers. They might be able to transfer some workers to the New York Plant though. They do need to give some workers an incentive to outride though until the shutdown is complete. Next all of the equipment used to make the product will either need to be sold or sent to the new operations facilities. They need to figure out if the old equipment is worth keeping or if they want to upgrade it to make a better product.They do not want to sell the equipment to possible competitors though because then they will be able to copy their process of making the Pyrex. We also need to look at and make sure that the overseas plant will be able to completely fulfill the orders and if not than the Charleroi plant might not have to shut down completely. They might be able to keep it and operate it only at 10 percent to help with increased orders or high demand, that is only if the outsourced manufactures cannot produce enough of the product. After everything is out and the plant is shut down the company require to look at if they want to keep the building or not. If the New York plant is still running and the shipment of the products overseas need a place to stay before they are sent to stores, than the building might be able to be turned into a warehouse.Which than Pyrex needs to determine how they can transfer the manufacturing plant into a warehouse because of the unpredictability of the shipping of the products from overseas, Pyrex needs to be able to get products to customers fast. They also need to figure out how much it is going to actually cost to shut down the plant because at the same time the company is going to be spending a lot of money on getting the new manufactures up to speed on the product. So there are a number of issues that need to be addressed when shutting down the Charleroi and they are the rearranging of personnel, how long it will take to shut the plant down, what to do with all the assets inside the plant, and even what to do with the building after everything is gone and shutdown.