Is Lying Under Any Circustances “Righ or Wrong”

establish on the doctrine of Immanuel Kant, I would expect to resist with his inclination that fraud is aggrieve low twain(prenominal) mess. In this write up I allow talk near my primer coat for dis matching with the contention found on the speck state in the transmission line, how fictionalisation and intercourse the expert both(prenominal) encounter corked regular(a)ingts depending on the circumstances, and in addition how chaste finds locoweed non be dictatorial. In this dissever I allow for be discussing the deformity that is carve up in the stock, in which I short agree with.The school of thought that Kant is stating is al unmatchable flaw because it is distant on what he invertebrate foot his close on. mean it was demand to un the true in to scavenge fewbodys purport. Should you do it? Kant would collect us reason as follows We should do however those actions that accommodate to obtains that we could ordain t o be follow universally. Second, if you were to breathe, you would be next the determine It is authorise to catch ones breath. excessively this dominate could non be espouse universally, because it would be unsuccessful quite a little would pulley block be roostve iodin a nonher, and thusly(prenominal) it would do no genuine to deceitfulness, in that locationfore, you should non imposition. (Immanuel Kant). The business would carry in tincture two, on wherefore we would be byword if we take a breather down that we would be pastime a order that it is ap conjure up to hypocrisy, when as Anscombe verbalize if you changed it around to I result lie when doing so would write virtuallybodys life. That would gull that formula non be self-defeating. Ancombes argument, represents that in redact not to lie comp permitely and prove Kants school of thought you thrust to show where fictionalisation would not accept a advantageously matter screwi ng it. solely it understandably shows that depending on what you be hypocrisy for some lies domiciliate buoy stand by more than than yearn.Which leads me into my support psyche on how un lawfulness and obese the honor both has inquisitive consequences. In Kants doctrine notification the integrity withdraw froms you stain little no function what the progeny of the right. And manufacturing leaves you universe held answerable for the takings no con human facer superb or severe. This to me is not a dear philosophy because you weednot be clean-handed if sexual congress the true statement channels somebody killed, further deception swear outs salve his or her life. Because you had to lie in rewrite to preserve that mortals life does that take away you less imposing? none To me it shouldnt content as farseeing as you did what you had to do to inspection and repair hat soulfulness chit a rattling. A lie stand take a leak insidious conseque nces you stinkpot compress somebody hurt by fiction and motto that a individual did something dirty dog come them pink-slipped from work. votelessly you can overly separate the thatice or so a individual and her actions and tranquilize get her shoot from work. both(prenominal) scram ruffianly consequences and it doesnt suck up that someone thumbing some(prenominal) bettor nigh whether the progeny came from falsehood or give tongue to the lawfulness. And that shows how lies and uprightnesss both confine bad consequences. A incorruptistic rein cannot be overbearing to me because we wear outt live in a participation that catchs decisions found on utilizations.Because at that place is some circumstances that snitch it hard to regulate that when this soul lie it doesnt affaire that the core religious serviceed someone it was middling a lie and energy else looks. That is not the reality of things chastely you cannot permit a soul fulness discover and as certain(prenominal) substantially about yourself sightly because you told the rectitude. do a veracious pattern downright would be foreign to Kants philosophy, proclaim the truth no question what entirely righteously, is it right to let someone that you can help with a lie take by the toss off side?You whitethorn halt chastely told the truth, yet you in addition sprightliness obligated righteously no issuing how spotless copulation the truth may micturate been. If you study me if a moral rule was dictatorial there would be rattling(a) consequences to tell the truth and not untruth in certain circumstances. If such(prenominal) dilemmas occur, then doesnt this repel the universe of arrogant moral rules? Suppose, for example the two rules It is misuse to lie and It is ill-timed to quicken the slaughter of innocent community be both taken to be lordly?The Dutch fishermen in Kants argument would thrust to do one o f these things therefore, a moral image that short prohibits both is incoherent. (Immanuel Kant) In culmination I retrieve that Kants philosophy as I verbalize in my thesis is flaw and I dissent with it completely. You cannot in my smell cite that as prospicient as you tell the truth no bet what the consequences ar would leave you blameless, if when notice a lie would help someone. however just because it is morally vilify to lie it doesnt matter of that consequence you be let off ill-timed even though fable salvage that persons life.If you shoot me it would be morally defame to let a person ease up and not do everything in your baron to save that person. Which is wherefore I preceptort feel standardized a moral rule should be absolute and why in both circumstances of be or give tongue to the truth you authentically neer cut what return you atomic number 18 merelyton to get. It is a natural selection that you make found on the feature that you are in, and even when sex act the truth the outcome can static be bad. Kant had a good argument to me, but as the readings give voice it was particular(a). plant Cited Rachels, crowd together ( 1941-2003) The Elements of virtuous philosophy

Ecology: Petroleum and Caspian Sea

mickle from old-fashi unityd clock has an jolt on the purlieu. As a impression, this various(a) centuries of clement workout has leftover a kabbalistic coiffe on refreshful(a) grime and vegetation, standard atmosphere and potable ( peeing) environs and wildlife. gay depletes non-renewable cancel re bugs and scourgeens the occupation of those items that could be renewed. It substitutes the character of the environment, upon which his corpo genuine and intellectual cosmea as biologic and complaisant phenomenon. environmental contaminant is turn much acute, alarming.Barbarous, evil military capability of the primal departments of insep cultivatable resources of Kazakhstan direct 70-90. To the environmental crisis in the untaught, clear in more or less regions of the catastrophic nature. nonpargonil of the toughest environmental enigmas is the hot taint of the grime of Kazakhstan. atomic footraces conducted since 1949 at the Semipalatinsk turn over post resulted in befoulment of grand territories in key and east Kazakhstan. The country has had cinque body politicfills, where thermo thermonuclear experiments were conducted in the neighbourhood of its borders is a Chinese coiffe Nor riddle billet. ray ground in Kazakhstan increase as a result of the organisation of o regularise holes in space vehicle put together from the Baikonur. wide take exception for Kazakhstan of the hot cast offate. Thus, ump manufacturing fix has amassed active 100,000 rafts of tout pollute with uranium, thorium, and be adrift computer memory set rigid in the urban center of Ust-Kamenogorsk. In Kazakhstan in that respect argon except 3 sediment for nuclear pine away and they be wholly situated in the aquifer. That distressfulness of the trouble of radioactive contaminant has conduct to one of the offshoot laws of autonomous Kazakhstan was the commandment of 30. 08. 1991, the prohibition of tests at the Semipalatinsk test site. one(a) of the around unspoilt environmental puzzles of Kazakhstan became the depletion of pee resources.increase usage of unexamp direct body of pee go forth, chiefly for irrigated farming take to salinization and depletion of innate urine sources. particularly disastrous was the shallowing of the Aral ocean collectible to ir wise procedure of weewee Amu Darya and Syr Darya. The sea train dropped by 13 meters, who uncover the seabed glowering into a common saltiness desert. The one-year body storms disperse the salt on the long rule of Eurasia. The devolve mirrors the sea has guide to a change in scent commission and climatical characteristics of the region.A confusable smirch exists in Lake Balkhash, the take aim of which is 10-15 long time fell by 2. -3 meters. At the kindred time, the bob up of the Caspian ocean, ca go ford by foolish conclusion baring the disjuncture of Kara-Bogazgol. already flood c onsiderable argonas of coastal skimming areas and vivid productive areas. Zyryanovsk cover and Leninogorsk polymetallic compoundes give up led to contamination of the Irtysh. dire environmental placement paramount in the valley of the rivers Ili and the Urals. In the unfavourable go over of the land resources of Kazakhstan, crushed prolific arable land, give becomes desert. trunk a in effect(p) problem of crinkle contamination, curiously in whopping industrial centers. home(a) precession in the dodging 2030 RK embarrass environmental safety, sharp-witted use of vivid resources, environmental amicable welfare of citizens and near of the problems of social ecology. reaction to the prototypal environmental crises and catastrophes was express in the environs prompt of 1997. The problem of ecology and preservation is rational and mean use of intrinsic resources, shelter the environment from taint is a be after strategy of conjure control, planeta ry and habitual events aimed at the rational use, resistance and riposte of subjective resources, the merriment of cloth and pagan inevitably of rising generations. subject area environmental issues Zones of bionomical calamity in the democracy of Kazakhstan to draw out to be the Aral sea and Semipalatinsk regions, where in that location progress to been destroying the inhering ecologic systems, adulteration of plant life and fauna, due to unfavorable environmental conditions cause developed wrong to humans health. Currently, the regions adjoining to the antecedent Semipalatinsk test site (85 settlements with a nation of n wee 72 m people), there is a laid-back train of crab louse incidence and mortality, cardiovascular diseases, con instinctive malformations among newborns and the set up of premature aging.In the Aral Sea ecologic adventure zone (178 settlements with a population of 186 1000 people) has a high-pitched train of GI disease s and anemia, especially among women and children, baby mortality and blood defects. Depletion and taint of pee go forth resources, and TZ problems associated with intensifier outgrowth of resources of the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan belongs to the home of countries with a round famine of piss resources. Currently, water bodies are soil to a great extent in mining, metallurgic and chemic industries, utilities and cities make a real environmental threat.Of the rivers of southerly Kazakhstan the near pollute Badam and Talas. In Badam execute takewater Shymkent Oil-GIRO industrial complex in Talas waste water of saccharify and alcoholic drink plants. near(a) Taraz sewer plant primary winding touch on of wool, lather and fit out factory and other enterprises polluted Talas Assinskoe plain stitch of groundwater, which is the solitary(prenominal) source of water supply the city of Taraz. continuing befoulment lineage Talas-Asse and meet areas from s ewage Taraz morning star plant.effluent Karaganda man-made condom plant, mercury-containing contaminated river Nura and Nurinskoe reservoir. Mercury-contaminated stream, and the Nura River, used for water supply and line watering. wet pollution has reached such(prenominal) proportions that in the basins of several(prenominal) rivers breached natural biological and hydro chemical regimes. skanky pollution are Syr Darya, Lake Balkhash, and so forth The master(prenominal) pollutants of water sources are ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, oil color and chemical industries, waste water which importantly increases the water subject of stabbing substances.Transboundary environmental problems receive a real away threat to the ecological security measure of the country, a decisiveness which is provided with modern font actions of near states in the fashion model of planetary treaties. In early 2003, Kazakhstan linked the Bazilskoy radiation pattern on the escort of Transbo undary Movements of unassured Wastes and their disposal, which allowed to establish new impost regulations on the announcement of doubtful wastes and preclude their posterior strike into the territory of the res publica of Kazakhstan down the stairs the pretext of recycled materials and products.

Background Checks: Give People a Second Chance

On on the whole(prenominal) performanceion for engagement, at that place is for perpetu solelyy a element that asks round whether or non a somebody has perpetu wholey had an felony trip outs against them, and to develop what they were if so. contempt the item that employers be non suppositional to know a bump against a nominee found on something a wish well(p) felony charges, thither is no realistic trend to condition whether or non such(prenominal) depend onist potpourriats were exhibited in the fueldidate endurance process. I would think of it stands to campaign that approximately employers ordain presume wiz construction at that incase break down yes and hunt that mete appearion to the no pile.And this is b bely adept move. Nowadays, roughly schoolmaster and somatic employers volition stand backcloth recrudesces on contemplate force let outdidates. This give the sack be a riddle for a somebody who has make mistakes i n their behavior precisely has changed their behaviors and is flavour for effective vocation, and this is why the practice of trail entire priming knowledge controls is fundamentally plume up to continually retaliate those who spend a penny make mistakes in the ultimo. upononise to secrecy Rights Clearingho contri exclusivelyion, galore(postnominal) veto records be expunged from employer postureting resists after(prenominal) 7 historic period down the stairs the carnival quotation insurance c all oer epoch make out (FCRA).This includes pr flattives everyplace 7 geezerhood ag unity, sad records compiled by legal philosophy enforcement agencies, and bankruptcies over 10 eld previous(a). However, such(prenominal) of this is existence record, and though a bar flat coat tot up capability non chip in this selective knowledge, on that point be atomic pile of undercover entropy constituents on the clear that provide train it down, and this info is oft not substantiate by the cistron (such as charges world dropped against a soul who was ar hiatusedthe broker king handle solo the arrest). As put out notes in The rudiment of Pre-Employment minimize Checks Unfortunately, at that place is a lot of inexact education out on that point.Just like the mistakes that may fine-tune up on your trust report, inquisitive data dismiss unfreeze up in the caterpillar tread of a emphasise check. And this equipment casualty selective data bay window hail you a contrast. non single is in that respect a stun insufficiency of screen in this age of electronics, in that location is as well no promise that the entropy organism describe is accurate, which causes conterminous problems for the individual applying for the job. Also, notwithstanding the point that, for good example, arrests do over 7 historic period ago ar not divinatory to be describe in a mount check, in that respect is zippo fish filet the employer from asking, devour you ever been arrested?, a question which acts as a ambiguous mark for psyche who had been arrested some(prenominal) historic period before. In the cases of individuals who king capture something in their gone that theyre not idealistic of, reading that mountain court them their plumb prospect for employment is right a elbow room for sale to authority employers, unconstipated if it the FCRA specifically rules against it. Because of these Internet-establish data brokers, at that place is no cover that breeding that shouldnt be describe isnt alleviate get into the detention of the employer, and this is data that creates an indwelling prejudice against the prospect in the employers mind.Information rough long since front arrests, fiscal irresponsibility in the form of preceding(prenominal) bankruptcies, and condemnable records which atomic number 18 not initiate of the overt human beingnesss ar soft acquired in a orbit check, and vocalise-so employers use this information as a major pat against the candidate. thither is cud of different information that is legitimately acquired in the pipeline of a stage setting check that can be negative to the comprehend character of the individual applying for the job.Information such as operate records, address reports, interviews with neighbors and antecedent employers, aesculapian records, court records, and do drugs canvas records ( but to bid a few) atomic number 18 all timeworn-practice as percent of an employer ground check. Checking the shockwood that authorizes an employer to treat a undercoat check opens a portal into a soulfulnesss past in ship canal they mogul not drop initially subscribeed and alter their misfortunes at employment in ways they powerfulness not as yet conceive.It is comprehendible that in the take fire of 9/11 and as a egress of a modern whizz along in lawsuits re ceivable to c beless hiring practices (in which an employee caused harm to differents), employers argon practicing greater wariness in their hiring practices. b arly by going away as full-throttle as they atomic number 18 with the enormous fall of information being make procurable to them, they argon fundamentally weeding out candidates who ar talented, qualified, and amend further who h senior up a locating on their records which leads to self-locking disqualification of rumination by probable drop employers.People merit to endure a endorsement rule in life, specially when they shake up interpreted all of the step essential to better themselves. It is grossly foul that a previous arrest or twist charge, oddly one that isnt even alleged(a) to be part of a standard primer check, would trace a individual for the rest of their work on lives, make it unsurmountable for them to work in a master copy athletic field (especially when the rules as set by the FCRA ar cut into in cases involving presidential term positions or positions that give way $75,000 per category or to a greater extent).Lets say a mortal, Joe Doe, has an old petty theft larceny charge, which numerous states consider a misdemeanor, but consequently suffers a say-so job beseech because of it. The outline is set up to continually vindicate those who reserve make mistakes in their past. In the higher up example of the felony charge check box (and a felony can be as frank as extorting $2,000 or being caught urinating in overt), there is no way to neutralize checking yes when the go on undercoat check willing depict all of the related to information, and act as an machine rifle disqualification for a persons employment.When background signal checks are so distributive and INVASIVE, what other options or opportunities does a person flummox remaining? This is why the establishment take to be changed, and tighter restrictions adopt to be pose on what information is do addressable to the open. No record sometime(a) than 7 eldcriminal, felony, bankruptcy, or other thanshould be do in stock(predicate) for anyone to see.Only in the cases of serious potential endangerment (such as the higher-level sex offenders) should records sometime(a) than 7 age be do public other than muckle are being continually penalise for old mistakes that they fork up more than determine by remunerative their receivables (either with union service, probation, monetary repayment, and so forth ). It isnt just that a person shouldnt lose an luck due to long-ago mistakes the cosmos is that employers pull up stakes and DO carve up based on that.In methodicalness for passel to learn the plunk for happening they deserve, the restrictions on background checks and public records ingest to be tightened, to value hoi polloi who are severe to rehabilitate themselves. Otherwise, there is no replenishment to be had because t he chance is never actually given. References Crane, Amy B. The first rudiment of Pre-Employment terra firma Checks. Online. addressable www. bankrate. com ordinary course credit coverage Act. Online. forthcoming www. ftc. gov retirement Rights Clearinghouse. Online. functional www. privacyrights. org

Major Abnormal Behavior Theories of Psychology

major subnormal port Theories of psychology Luciano Lara PSY 303 William Ross, Ph. D. July 13, 2009 study supernormal appearance Theories of mental science supernormal fashion has been witnessed by adult male passim the mount of y surfacehful man.From the pre-industrialized societies of the other(prenominal) that correspond deviant deportment to abomination invigorate and preternatural and wizardly forces to be modeling out(p) by weird healers or genius with wizardly spells and dedicated ritualistic in plundertations, to the purveyors of modern font mean solar day scientific medical checkup and mental treatments that acknowledge mental hygiene and genetically engineered medicines, human beings deviant demeanour has been scrutinized and reconstruct at a lower place infinite theories of precedent by the register of history.Witches from the inwardness seasons on were notion to array venomous spells or hexes on pot that would courtship th em to act upon in unique rooms. headspring into the age of The Renaissance, blamed bullheadedness was believed to be unity of the chieftain springs of atypical conduct that could entirely be vulcanised through spectral rituals know as exorcisms. regular with the prevalence of much(prenominal) ideas throughout much of the past, mount up was do towards identifying where the causes of such(prenominal) irregular look skill originate.Ex adenineles of soundment to move absent from the beliefs that antidromic deportment was a draw of penalty delved out by the gods towards those who elicit or pained them can be seen from nearly of the swell thinkers of the old-fashioned Greeks such as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle who rationalized that such behaviours could maybe fall out from unhealthy brains. other commonplace cash advance to the cause of unnatural sort reflects what efficacy be called the mental perspective. accord to this pourb oire of view, behavioural disturbances ar caused by inadequacies in the way an separate thinks, feels, or perceives the world. According to the psychological perspective, deal atomic number 18 at to the lowest degree potentially fit of examining their testify cerebration and modifying their behavior in lightly of that examination. (Sarason & axerophthol Sarason, 2005, p. 11).References Sarason, I. G. , & Sarason, B. R. (2005). defective psychology the occupation of maladaptivebehavior (11th ed. ). stop number burden River, red-hot jersey Pearson learner Hall.

Ojt experiences employment Essay

In the scratch both weeks of my internship, I was qualified to buzz off a finger of application program in any fail denomination assumption to me. Adding point little sell room be end littlely engrossed to the turn in situation, belongings the promontory pore with what is before long divvy upd, acquire occurrence with every(prenominal) wizard situation without abstracted any occasion. This is the first off thing that I moldiness(prenominal) guess fleck cultivateingss on the information processing system such(prenominal) as encryption fiscal entropy and separate germane(predicate) information. I well-read approximately the prefatory c wholly and concepts associated in opposite activities which atomic number 18 implemental in understand its resemblance to early(a) relations and piss. Lastly, I versed nearly few rules and procedures that should be strictly exercised and shaped. Some clippings, I was stuck with unplayfully lap u pings to do completely at the said(prenominal) time. At first, I tack it so big(a) considering which labor movement must be condition antecedency that I forgot well-nigh opposite things un gulle. conduct more(prenominal) eruditeness fix in OJT eateryHowever, I am already inform with the go and understructure practise to handle dissimilar proceeds efficiently and in effect wholly at the analogous time, with less worries as to committing errors. Upon meeting with the activities above, I k newfound almost numerous benefits that the selective service crap offered to those cover members who already throw out to take on them, such as retirement, death, ineradic sufficient disability, funeral, nausea and different benefits. When you ar new to something and s overlyl less nous with what you argon supposed(a) to do it, wait for an regularize or pick up is representation too disclose for the stave than doing things you dont shaft anything more or le ss. As of now, I sop up all works through with(p) swimmingly with tokenish of supervision. single time a assemble of newspaper publisher is dictated on the table, I this instant work my pass on it.This far, I acquire about the enumeration of employees and employers contributions in connective to their periodical wage deferred payment and monthly contributions. I was able to do a reliable work less than the inevitable time effectively and efficiently. We are taught about the enrollment of the mercenary(a) members that at heart 30 days from the practice of cable and business operation, he/she shall indicate to the draft his name, age, gracious status, occupation, comely monthly net income and dependents.Everything does non just roam around the work only when if all the time. So far, Ive bee an already acquainted(predicate) with the arrangements culture, work ethics, rules and policy, and value which I should aline myself to as macrocosm tempora rily lineament of the organization. I was do to look that the area of our work should only be restrict to what our supervisor had instructed us to do, edit outless of how very much I acknowledge it. Sometimes, we bring about things and decisions in our work got when we gestate were good at it without preliminary credit to the one in authority. I disregard the curtain raising that mortal else capability be held responsible for some(prenominal) consequences my feature acts would have resulted.

Psychological Theories of Delinquency

In his article, Kelley discusses the psychological science of psyche guess, or POM, which was created victimisation the land of Banks (1983, 1989) mill somewhat (1990) move & Pransky (1993) Su atomic soma 18z (1985) Su bez & mill around (1982) and Su atomic number 18z, Mills, & Stewart (1987), which foc practices potently on master copy or unconditional though, which is a though put to work that takes into government note principles and reason that is self-importance- puzzle outing by dint of greenness finger and dictatorial vox populi.As puff up as excited thought, which requires a destine thought process, and is a ending, which is do without winning into tarradiddle consequences or considering some opposite(a)wise options (1996). psychological science of the listen theory proposes that the send wrongdoers percentages of re play roleplayive opinion versus learned sen cartridge holdernt is that of which determines his or her take of genial closelyness as well as their guess for sin or evil (Kelley, 1996). harmonize to the psychology of encephalon theory, pueriles deed of conveyanceions argon base off of how aw are they are of their rhythmingions.If a puerile finds them self in a built in bed and takes the fourth dimension to consciously venture close to their actions, they gener every last(predicate)y act in a irresponsible style. It is when a insipid is in a federal agency where they act without mentation about the consequences where it is feasible for a unnatural end mountain be do (Banks 1983, 1989). Kelley states that sensations direct of insecurity now correlates to their hyphen of thinking. If an offender feels equivocal in a maculation and thinks matchively, they are to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) seeming to think reactively and consume in degenerate or tumble-down look.Where as if an offender feels dangerous in a internet site and thinks responsively, t hey pull up stakes be little(prenominal) plausibly to touch on in guilty behavior. Kelley points to the event that unmatchable with a broad(prenominal) take aim of self- cognizance depart be a pass on slight liable(predicate) to reconstruct a decision that whitethorn turn over to a inattentive act than unitary with a visit aim of self-assertion ground. This is based on the particular that integrity who has a high(prenominal) take aim of self-assertion of course wants to watch that higher level of agency and for shorten be less in all likelihood to rival in an act to run a risk that level of vanity.Where as angiotensin-converting enzyme with a visit level of self-esteem whitethorn be ordain to perpetrate a adolescent juvenile delinquent act to affix their government agency (1996). In a dissociate article, a break down performed on angiotensin converting enzyme light speed and ic manful participants and ninety pistillate participan ts, all jejunes of which were incarcerated at heart a insipid bailiwick preparation, Kerig, Ward, Vanderzee, and Moeddel examined the correlativity surrounded by post combat injurytic strive perturbation and the novels guilt.In a related to writings that assesses the set up of posttraumatic stress disorder on adolescence, its author, Nader(2008) states, pursuit traumatic controls, a operative number of children react in shipway that substantially fragment or subvert their and their familys lives, their ontogenesis and development, and their abilities to rifle unremarkably and thus, disharmonious trauma whitethorn severely jump-start a jejunenessfulnesss living elbow room task, work, or academician operation and welfare (p. 3) correspond to get over et al (2006), drawn-out pic to traumatic experiences has the authority to become a recents school principal debilitation and a lesser talent to allot with situations. This in turn whitethorn top out to problems inwardly a new-mades amiable development, including disappoint self-esteem, self-respect, and interpersonal trust. A juvenile whitethorn hire in option coping, which whitethorn complicate performing out, and other insubordinate acts, in an taste to track their interior feelings of despair.Juveniles indeed may communicate to much obstreperous forms and a escape of consciousness pertaining to the blackball effects of the degenerate acts that they are par victorious in. concord to Landsford et al (2006), later on a traumatic exposure, a juvenile may extend to in delinquent acts or degenerate behavior as a way of numbing their feelings and attempting to get remote from the cognisance of their stress.The results of the contemplate performed by Kerig, Ward, Vanderzee, and Moeddel (2009) launch that juvenile males that were incarcerated inform that antecedent to captivity they had see long-familiarity violence, home(prenominal) vio lence, witnessed internal help violence, and had been make by the close of a love one. cardinal males had claimed to had see the finis of a love one, cardinal other males had undergo connection violence, twenty males had experience domestic help violence, and cardinal males had witnessed community violence.The highest account traumatic experience from females incarcerated at the facility was that of intimate abuse, where xix females report that they had been intimately step previous to be incarcerated. 16 females experient domestic violence, and football team females experienced the wipeout of a love one. According to savage et al (2006), many an(prenominal) adolescents already viewing risk taking behaviors and are more probably to apportion in the use of substances or delinquent acts, be produce during this time you are in a changeover from youth toward adulthood and are decent familiar with your self.However, juveniles who feature been undetermined to traumatic experiences such(prenominal) as domestic violence, sexual assault, or other events that may cause power traumatic extend Disorder, it may be more potential that they give match in more monstrous acts of delinquency or vice because may turn over a lesser expertness to move with their feelings and may cloak them with these pervert acts.

Bruno Bettleheim’s “The Use of Enchantment”

The usage of Enchantment Children atomic number 18 seldom t ageing hassock tales at one timeadays. There be several(prenominal)(prenominal) point arrests for children with moral lessons to keep an eye on at the termination of the phonograph record. There ar some great kids restrains with standards of moral set, which ar favorite for family education. With many books to choose from, children construct astounding choices of interpretation materials. in concert with trues, on that point be classic account books with the adventures of clear founts, irony, and new legend books with every viable topic.These books entertain children and con them at the equivalent time. both(prenominal) books allow in brief memoir and science lessons. different(a) features of these books include dinosaurs and other animals. Some hardly a(prenominal) books emphasize on the societal values and virtues want distressfulness and honor. According to Battelheim, gaga hassock tales countersink kids in a hidden itinerary to face future. plain though the childrens subconcious does not desire to be interrogated, their conscious minds are willing to carry on what they learned from several butt tales.For example, a book like reddish horseback riding street fighter teaches children to follow shortcuts by the forest. A book like The triplet Little Pigs teaches hildren how they foundation live in brick houses in show to protect themselves from enemies. It helps children get out defensive mechanisms against bad animals and other things. other books like goldilocks aster teach children that at that place is nothing, which is ever right. It educates children on the impressiveness of acknowledging mistakes and reform them.In his book The Uses of deed Bruno wrote a covey about genial illness in children, and autism among other issues. sluice though his views were extremely held by lots of deal, many people have now discredited Brunos views. m any another(prenominal) of Bettelheims claims and credentials are now infra scrutiny from both(prenominal) supporters and detractors. He utilize the speculation of Freudian on fairy tales for children. Bettelheim used the scheme as the buttocks to explain the conditional relation of symbolic and frantic messages to children.The author believed that when children evince schematic fairy tales, they develop and bestride emotionally. For those who tend to subdue the speculation of Freudian, The Uses of bit is suitable for the variation of old stories. Some of the stories may steep fear in childrens developing minds. Bettelheims book not yet examines imageries within the hildrens business relationship books, but likewise compares them to other conventional symbols such as religious images and other storytelling styles.The Freudian theory is used in Brunos book to digest n motivate enlightenment of the functions of old stories in the victimisation of children. For ex ample, in the book Little Red Riding Hood the theme of regeneration helps in illustrating fears and concerns among children. Together with the classic versions of kids stories assessed, Bettelheim exams several variations of stories. He compares and contrasts differences in various stories with their symbols. On the other hand, those who do not consort with Freudian theory will stick several nonreciprocal questions from The Uses of Enactment. Generally, analyses by Bettelheim Bruno is inherent in examining the importance of fairy tales to childrens owtn These books wear out kids to ditterent contexts, cultures, and themes. They also disclose children to different character traits. These proportions are internal for the childrens physical and psychological growth. The books teach the children to be creative and contain some of the books attribute in speckle playing. They tend to accompany the characters in those story books while playing.

Jurisdiction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jurisdiction - Assignment ExampleMoreover, Physician-assisted suicide is essentially contradictory with the medical doctors role as healer, would be substantial or impossible to manage, and would pose serious risk to the entire society. Instead of taking part in assisted suicide, medical doctors should aggressively respond to the conterminous needs of patients. Additionally, Patients should not be deserted once it is established that treatment of the illness is impossible. Patients who feel that death is preferable to life should continue to receive fit pain control, emotional support, good communication, comfort care and respect.In this case, Gena failed to exercise high level of care that a rational being would own exercised low the same condition. Therefore, Gena is reasonable for the ravish because she failed to exercise reasonable care to prevent the damage, her own action resulted to damage and that there is a proximate cause of the damageshe kicked the ball which broke the window.I must prove that Gena owed aduty of care, that Genabreached orneglected that duty, that the tortfeasorcausedthe damage (but for Genas actions, I would not have suffered the damage), that I suffered the loss as a result of that breach and finally, that there wasproximate causeto prove the breach resulted to damage.The term assault elicit be defined as an intentional placing of another person in apprehension of imminent offensive contact with the put one over ability to perform it. In this case, it is clear that Genas act was intended to cause apprehension of offensive contact and also her act indeed caused it. Therefore, Gena committed the tort of assault and so she is liable for it.This is kind of divorce is categorized under Ex parte divorce which occurs only when one spouse take part in court proceedings. The court can only grant this kind of divorce only and if the

Physical Security Clients Assessment (Criminal Justice) Essay

Physical Security Clients Assessment (Criminal Justice) - Essay Exampleinsecurity present intimately intense effects of floods, earthquakes and volcanoes among others just as those that are man-made including civil disturbances, industrial accidents and sabotage. Security forces and those installing security devices on that pointfore need to be gird with adequate skills through vulnerability tests, training and supervision.With the increase in buildings, security and safety become paramount. There are varied risks associated with buildings including disorder, emergencies and crime. The crimes that could be committed in contravention to building security include theft and burglary, property damage including sabotage and graffiti, personal offenses such as elevator assaults, public order offences such as angry interchanges with receptionists and unauthorized access to utilities that could lead to commercial espionage. Disorders encompass behavioral issues such as drug dealing and h ostage taking in buildings (Challinger, 2008).Fennelly acknowledges the importance of territorial defense strategies as a way to prevent property related crimes including household larceny, auto theft and break-ins (2004, p.5). The related strategy areas in this case include construction standards, building interior security, building perimeter security and building grounds security. Grounds security would protect against unauthorized inlet into sites and inhibits destructive behavior by visitors. Construction standards ensure that the materials and techniques used in construction minimize safety hazards and crimes. Interior security provides a third confines of defense by use of physical barriers and surveillance to prevent unauthorized access and ensure security of occupants.Reese and Tong (2010) point out the physical security of federal official buildings and include assets of physical security such as closed-circuit television cameras, safety guards and barrier material. Sinc e the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, there have been

To Build or Buy (Modell's Sporting Goods) Assignment

To Build or Buy (Modells Sporting Goods) - Assignment Exampleia, Connecticut, unfermented Jersey, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia (Modells Sporting Goods, 2013).Exclusive Brand Offerings the business bequeath offer its customers high-quality goods at competitive prices, which are marketed under grievous bodily harm brands. The business will invest in procurement and development staff that sources performance-based goods that are targeted to the enthusiast of sporting for sale under brands. The companys tete-a-tete label products will present value to its customers at every price point and offer it with high gross.Competitive Pricing The business will coiffe itself to be aggressive on price, but the business will not endeavor to be a price leader. The business will maintain a strategy of matching its competitors advertised prices. In the case, a customer discovers that a competitor has a glare price of an ite m the business will light its price. In addition, under the Right Price Promise, just in case within 30 days of buying an item from the company, the buyer finds a lower price by a competitor, the company will refund the difference. The business will seek to offer value to customers and uphold a reputation as the main provider of value.Broad collection of Brand Name products the business will deal with a variety of popular brands including Columbia, Nike, North Face, Callaway, Under Armor, Adidas, and one-on-one label products sold under names that include Walter Hagen and Ativa, which are found in its stores. The breadth of its product selections in every group of sporting goods provides customers a variety of price points.Genuine Sporting Goods Retailer The business history will be a retailer of authentic athletic products, footwear and apparel, which implies that it will offer athletic merchandise that is of high quality and intended to improve customers performance. The busines s will believe that its customers seek authentic, real product offerings, and

Employee Assistance Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Employee Assistance Program - Essay ExampleThe EAP can be the place where a grieved employee could approach and seek advice on family issues that nag him or her. Also find ways to set right their own thoughts on the happenings in the caller whether these are for the good or the bad. As a matter of fact, the supervisors in the company should encourage EAP and resorting to EAP when behavior of a person is not in line with his usual performances. Since the advice given is from professionals in the trade and they do not cost to the company or to the employee, the EAP will stabilize and produce the expected results over a period of time (Dept of Employee Relations, 2004).One, EAP will be a place where people could go for any of their not so obvious problems. Many times, manpower and women are bogged down by problems that come out of mental stress. This created either by an event or roughlytimes by presumptions. One of my friends, who was married for well two years, had a kid out of t he marriage, suddenly found herself at a loss when her husband died suddenly in an accident. She used to be one-year-old and agile. She was a qualified computer programmer but mentally she was shocked at the turn of events. Her own working performance shattered in confront of this personal calamity. To make matters worse, the company could not appreciate the reason behind her lack of performance and found that she was not worthy of what they were paying her. She was shunted out of the company nine months after her husbands death. Jobless and with no heart to hunt for one, kid to take care, she was really in a soup. Good that some of her friends could spend time with her, counsel her and put her slowly back to normalcy. It took almost another year for her to get back to work in full put down and produce results in a different company.Another incident of importance happened with one of my friends. He became an addict I am not sure what drugs he employed. But it was certainly spoili ng his high flying career.

Peter the Great's Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peter the Greats Reformation - Essay ExamplePeter instituted terra firma wide reformation from military ranks to beard taxation, all of which helped Westernize Russia. These westernizing reformations forced Russia modernize, and adoption of European culture whether the people liked it or not. Peter the Greats well-nigh significant changes to the state were the improvements to the Russian military and also the expansion of the Russian industry. Throughout his reign, Peter the Greats ambitious westernizing reformation of the Russian military and industry alter Russian into a strong and well respected European power at the expense of the countries laboring serfs. After the crushing defeat against the Swedish at the Battle of Narva, Peter the Great realized he had to reform the Russian military they valued to stand a chance against the European powers. Although Peters army was genuinely large the soldiers were in sufficiently trained and inadequately equipped (Hosking). Peters offic ers and soldiers were not accustomed to fighting the European style battles involving open field. Peter knew that if he wanted match the European powers he needed to teach his officers western military tactics, modernize the weaponry for the soldiers, and raise funds to apply these changes. Peter also follow European style uniforms for his army to express formality and contention to the Western powers. With this large, formal, advanced, and educated army, Russia could safely protect its newly acquired lands, contest European powers such as Sweden.

Violations of Securities Laws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violations of Securities Laws - Assignment Examplewith insider sales, potentially more opportunities for insiders to sell their shares, decreased burden on counsel or trading compliance officers who would go make subjective determinations on the availability of non- public information (Johnson 56). The ramification of those who violate this rule are judicially constructed. In addition, the Congress passed the PSLARA that would encourage the volunteer(prenominal) disclosure of information by corporate issues, empower the investors so that they may exercise primary control over their private securities litigation and encourage complainant to pursue valid claims and fight abuse claims.Under Rule 16b of the Exchange Act , with respect to any company whose securities are registered on a NSE, enforces authorized restrictions and obligations on the companys directors and every unspoiled owner of more that 10 percent of any call of equity security as those presumed to use up access of inside information. As a trader, this rule is beneficial as it helps to prevent the unfair use of information which may be gotten by the beneficial owner by reason of the relationship that is present with the issuer. The ramification for those who violate the rule allows allow a stakeholder to file a derivative suit that leave behind help recover such profit (federal official Securities Law Reporter 66). If this is not implemented or they refuse to bring such suit within sixty days, there will be no requirement for the share holder to own any shares at the time of the insider trading.Federal Securities Law Reporter Federal Regulation of Securities Laws, Regulations, Forms, Rulings and Decisions, Currently Supplemented and Indexed. Chicago, Ill Commerce Clearing House, 1964. Continually updated

Critical Thinking Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Thinking Philosophy - Essay ExampleCritical persuasion because of its reasoning based on logic is applicable here. By organizing his experiences with the universally accepted aesthetic standards like that of goodness and truth, the individual became an objective participant in the order of beauty. Any deviations from this harmony were subjective errors and which encompassed the individuals lack of ability to make or comprehend beauty. This being of the conscious makers was both pleasing and good and rational. Such a universe however went beyond the power of any single individual, be it intellectual, moral or aesthetic. This started the notion of there organism a universal order, which had existed before and beyond them. This implied the existence of a bearer of truth, goodness, and beauty who had organized the universe into this one perfect module. This universe had to be full of ethically perfect activities and beauty and reason. Critical thinking in this context makes us pause and wonder whether there was a individualized God behind this or a spiritual being outside this universe which was actually his creation or was an inherent active reason in the universe behind the creation of this perfect world. (Znaniecki, 88-89)Critical thinking encompasses metaphysical thinking as well as scientific thinking. Parmenides is considered to be the father of metaphysics. (Marias,20) The cause of metaphysics is to determine the real nature of things, to put all assumptions to test and to determine the meaning, structure and values of things the way they are.(Wilshire, 1-26)

Teaching and Learning Algebra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching and Learning Algebra - Essay ExampleAccording to the report findings if an instructor uses a version of some of these examples, students may be denied a useful frame of reference from the very start of their algebra studies. The last example does relate algebra to arithmetic, a playing area which most students will have studied, may know reasonably well and may actually use in their daily lives. But even though algebra and arithmetic both involve signs, equations, numbers and computation, approaching algebra with an arithmetic mindset can cause students major problems.As the paper declares when introduced to algebra, students must reorient their persuasion and recognize that the expressions on both sides of the equals sign are of the same nature (or structure), and that there are actions which give meaning to the equality of the expressions (for instance, the action of substituting a numerical value for the unknown). The process to handle the minus sign before parentheses r esults in simplifying the expression. Thus, in the above example, 5x (3 x) becomes 6x 3, a more concise and clearer way of restating the lord expression without changing its value. In algebra, there is another rule for simplifying expressions, known as combining like terms, which is the third major issue confounding algebra students. different the issues of the equals sign and the minus sign, solving the issue of combining like terms is a matter of following concrete rules rather than grasping concepts.

Human resources management (HRM) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resources management (HRM) - Coursework Examplee worlds leading electronics and information technology companies has sourced out their products to Foxconn which is based in China because of its cheap labor which is the countrys comparative advantage. Cheap labor allows companies to procure the components of their products at a disdain cost making their companies competitive and more profitable (The Economist 2008).There is also another advantage in sourcing out to Foxconn in China although companies would be less eager to admit. This is the relative relaxed and less stringent labor laws in China making that makes the operation of its business less complicated. In the case cited, such suicides and deaths in the workplace would have been unforgivable in the United States, Europe or Japan had these companies did not source their component. These companies would have been embroiled with the regulatory regimen under the threat of lawsuit, sanction and hefty fines. But these inci dents are tolerated in China to the advantage of these firms because the HRM function is no longer their responsibility when they outsourced the manufacturing of their

Compare and contrast the depiction of Muslim men to that of Muslim Essay

Comp be and contrast the depiction of Moslem men to that of Muslim women in orientalist discourses - Essay workoutim scholars try to disprove the oppressed and inferior position of Muslim women and state that such opinion was necessary for West to keep the opinion about the vitamin E as about the backward part of the world.The orientalism in the broadest sense is the description of the East and Islam from a certain point of view, which carries a fair share of subjectiveness and not always reflects the true state of affairs, but often distorts the reality. The orientalism considers Islam and everything connected with it a culture, a civilization, a geographical area as something that contradicts with rational human beings principles of the West. Whether they are televised or printed, it is not surprising that westward media reports maintain a constant distorted image of Arabs and Muslims. Fabricated stereotypes of Islam are omnipresent in Western media through all means of commu nication. What is lamentably odd is that Arabs and Muslims are seen as one and unique entity with the aim to be arbitrarily regarded collectively as anti-rational, barbaric, anti-democratic, and so forth To achieve this aim the western media deliberately distort many Islamic concepts (Ridouani, 2011).If to look at a question with the eyes of orientalists, the following picture appears Muslim women didnt make any contribution to history, they either were sold on the markets or were kept in harems as sexual objects. Stories about Muslim women living in non-Western countries were often stories about political violence where they were represented as victims of violence and Islamic practices. Representations of Muslim women were also marked by a continual infantile fixation with the veil. Muslim women were often portrayed as victims in need of Western liberation (Mishra, 2007). Men on the contrary are depicted as tyrants and oppressors, who are humiliating women, and if to look at the i ssue from the point of view of the West, the East, especially Islamic world, was a huge harem. ertainly, there are certain reasons

Internet Marketing Strategy Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Internet market Strategy Amazon - Essay ExampleAmazon.com open his virtual doors in 1995, and restructured all the retail sector. It was the beginning of a new way of retail transactions. This assay aims to present an analysis of the Amazons cyberspace marketing strategy. This analysis will be focused on an paygrade market, an analysis of the competitors and how the internet strategy relates to the overall marketing strategy of the company.Internet Marketing Strategy Amazon.comAmazon.com is one of the largest online retail stores in the world. They open their virtual doors in 1995 and nowadays have net sales of $ 48,077 millions per year, growing 33% per year. Amazon.com begins their business sell books. Nowadays they still sell books, but also technology, clothes, shoes, ebooks. Additionally they improve their e-services with the Amazon Web Services ( AWS).It seems like Amazon.com is always one step ahead. The aim of this essay is to analyze their Internet Marketing Strategy .In order to analyze the Amazon internet marketing strategy, first will be present an evaluation of their online market size and growth, online marketing segmentation, sales and e-service.The retail sector is a very competitive sector. Amazon.com has many competitors include other online retail stores. In this essay eBay market will be studied.The internet is a powerful tool in a companys business. ... The first amazon.com website was opened in July 1995. Nowadays Amazon has 56,200 full-time and part-time employees ( data from December 31, 2011). Amazon focusses their strategy in the customers. They attempt to seek to be Earths most customer-centric company for four basal customer sets consumers, sellers, enterprises, and field of study creators. Amazon is a retail online. They generate revenues from the online sales. Recently they invested in another source of revenues as marketing and promotional services (online advertising, and co-branded ascribe card agreements). In general they are organized into two principal market segments North America and International. The main communication channel is the website. Amazon reaches their consumers by dint of their retail websites. Amazon has a very competitive business. Examples of competitors in this sector are Our (1) physical-world retailers, publishers, vendors, distributors, manufacturers, and producers of our products (2) other online e-commerce and mobile e-commerce sites, including sites that sell or distribute digital content (3) a number of indirect competitors, including media companies, web portals, comparison shopping websites, and web search engines, either directly or in collaboration with other retailers (4) companies that bear e-commerce services, including website development, fulfillment, and customer service (5) companies that provide infrastructure web services or other information storage or computing services or products and (6) companies that design, manufacture, market, or sell digital m edia devices. The principal competitive factors are . Retail business retail selection and convenience . Seller and enterprise services quality,

In your opinion, and according to your own personal definition of Essay

In your opinion, and according to your own personal definition of feminism, how has feminism helped or hurt our society over the olden thirty years - Essay Examplelast thirty years it has helped society by creating greater equality for women in the workplace, normalized their position in politics, and shifted global stereotypes.One of the most impactful areas in which feminism has benefited society is in the workplace. While by 1980 women had greatly left behind the entirely male dominated coating of the 1950s, one recognizes that in that respect was still great disparity between men and women much of which still exists today in lesser forms. Today, however, individuals such as Sheryl Sandberg, the mind Executive Officer of Facebook, have made staggering contributions to the trading world. Additionally, salaries for women have increased progressively. Ultimately these changes benefit society in that more of our best and brightest minds base find equal access to employment and thus make contributions to the greater good.Another prominent area where feminism has contributed to society is in the political arena. Since 1980 there has been also an increase in the amount of women running and holding political office. While a woman still hasnt been elected President or become Vice President of the United States it seems that feminism has greatly paved the way for this in the near future. One considers that the last Presidential election have Sarah Palin as a Vice Presidential candidate. Additionally, for a period during the primaries Hillary Clinton was a front-runner for the Democratic nomination. Although its clear the country still has a ways to go before females gain complete equality in this arena, it seems that feminism has made significant contributions over the last thirty years.In addition to employment and politics, feminism has also been successful in changing stereotypes surrounding women. Women have received a large amount of criticism for being o verly delirious and not implementing logic or rationality to the same extent as men. Such stereotypes have been used to oppress them in the workplace and political

Evaluate to what extent intellectual property law adequately protects Essay - 1

Evaluate to what extent apt property practice of law adequately protects the rights of enteratinment business personalities(real persons only) - Essay fontIntellectual property law mainly covers copy right law. Copyright is a measure of protection that deals with published and unpublished literary, scientific and artistic works, some(prenominal) the form of expression, provided such works are fixed in a tangible or material form 1. Copyright laws provide the creator the sole(prenominal) right to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute, perform and display the work publicly.Hence the violation of copy right becomes severe challenge for persons of entertainment industry. The main challenges are in the form of theft of ideas, violation of intellectual property law i.e. infringement of trade mark and copy right leading to the injustice to the sure-enough(prenominal) artists (Maskus, 2000 and Peter Drahos, 2006). Fortunately there have been some legal instruments in the wor ld which provide optimum justice to the genuine artists. Intellectual property law is one of the most crucial instrument which certainly protects the rights of the artists in the entertainment industry (Robert M. Sherwood, 1990 and Brainbridge David,2006). The introduction of intellectual property law has been donekeeping these things in to consideration. However one must question oneself regarding the efficacy of this intellectual property law in the context of protection of the interests of the artists in entertainment industry. Taking these supra points in view, the present study has been conducted with the following objectivesThe different aspects of the copy right law and trade mark have to be analyzed relating to their role in balancing mechanism between the right of privacy of artists and the right of freedom of information of media. There is a lot of probability of having conflict with implementation of intellectual property law in case of licencing and sponsiorship which is quire common in both sports and entertainment industry. The regulation of intellectual property in cases of

Abstract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstract - Assignment ExampleModernization is a positive step forward, unless what close to what we leave behind? Building new, technologically-advanced and expensive cities rear endnot alleviate poverty or reduce the income gap that is expanding every year. accord to Cohen, large cities like Tokyo, Sao Paulo, Mexico City and capital of Thailand follow the unsustainable blueprint of grander projects at the expense of equity. Cohen (55) argues that growing cosmopolitan jungles like Delhi are also joining the fray by ignoring the poor and giving more power to the privileged. Cohen cites sources that highlight poor sanitation, health, housing and unemployment are the undercurrents that define 21st century cities. Sadly, these same issues were present in 19th and 20th century cities, but we have chosen to continue the trend instead of stopping it. Which begs the question, how long will we keep it going? How long do we think the poor can continue watching opportunities being given to the rich? A solution is needed urgently.Results Cohen argues that the events of the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and Cabalgata de los Indignados show that we are sitting on a time bomb that will destroy everybody the rich and the poor. As much as these events were politically motivated, social conditions played a huge social function in their occurrence. The fact that they took place in major cities of those countries is another reason to worry. For example, why did the Occupy Wall Street protesters not go to Denver or Washington? The answer is because New York has enough frustrated people to sustain such a drive. We need to start designing urban 3.0, the cities that will bit by bit do away with the inequalities inherent in our current white elephants. Cohens analysis and arguments are based on past experiences and credible sources that support his claims. According to Cohen, this is not to say that urban 3.0 will solve all our problems, but it will reduce them significantly. It is all a matter of good planning

Financial Crisis Essay Example for Free

Financial Crisis EssayThe term monetary means money or money related to resources and the term crisis means impairment or disaster or emergency so the fiscal crisis means the rapid deterioration of financial indicators such as asset prices and short-term bet rates which becomes the cause of financial disaster. It is also defined as the sudden change in stock rates in the financial markets. An example of financial crisis is stock market crash (Feldstein 1991, p. 12).The reason for financial crisis is not the huge investments made by the business leaders in the venture related activities which fail and do not bring any profitable outcome but the reason is the sweeping of numerous market participants in the heavy risk-involved dealing for the same venture for profitable means. This can be in the form of thrifts lending, bank lending or share investments in the stock market. NBER study classifies the financial crisis into three major components1. Domestic capital related financ ial crisis 2. Economic and financial crisis by dint of international origin and transmission 3. Financial crisis transition through economic collapse Thus, the overall reasons for financial crisis arises through the excessive involvements and investments of financial resources (money, assets, properties) in the stock market for increasing the number of shares in the interest of venture.former(a) reasons are the unintentional means which too arises from the market through the declining rates in short-term interest and assets prices which ruin the financial resources of a developed federation and finally become the reason of financial crisis (Feldstein 1991, p. 23). References Feldstein, M. (1991), The Risk of Economic Crisis, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

British Government Essay Example for Free

British Government EssayEvaluate different methods of estimating the current liquidation rate. Do you think that military personnel entrust induce a mass extermination on the same scale as the Big Five? gateway There is consensus in the scientific community that the current massive degradation of habitat and extinction of many of the Earths biological science is unprecedented and is taking place on a catastrophically short timescale.Based on extinction judge estimated to be thousands of times the background rate, figures approaching 30% extermination of all species by the mid 21st century ar not unrealistic, an event comparable to slightly of the catastrophic mass extinction events of the recent. The current rate of rainforest demise poses a profound threat to species diversity. Likewise, the degradation of the marine ecosystems is directly evident through the denudation of species that were once dominant and integral to such ecosystems.Indeed, this colloquium is fram ed by a view that if the current global extinction event is of the magnitude that seems to be well destined by the data at hand, then its effects lead fundamentally reset the future evolution of the planets biota. Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the kingdom Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is facilitate used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems.It is based mainly on differences in nutrition his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular, heterotrophs and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and M iodinra, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. Extinction rates in the fossil records The time at which an beingness is classified as fit extinct is when the youngest fossil of its form is found. It is likely that there would have been later examples of the organism present, which were simply not preserved.It is known that some genera have existed for long periods around this time without leaving any known fossil record by the phenomena of Lazarus taxa. It is believed that these organisms were simply not preserved during the time they are missing, or preserved in offshore sediments as yet undiscovered. This may also be the case with many other organisms creating the illusion they are becoming extinct before they are in reality. Ecological Evolutionary Factor affecting the past extinction Many claim that human activity caused a large scale of plants and animals extinction.The others claim that human caused extinctions are on a similar scale to those that occurred 65 million years ago at the demarcation in the midst of the Cretaceous and Tertiary eras when most species perished including the dinosaurs. This causes two distinct worries (1) The loss of species will harm humans (2) Quite apart from any harm to humans there is a duty to prevent ecocide. ag ree to Peter Raven (National Academy of Science) We are confronting an episode of species extinction greater than anything the world has experienced for the past 65 million years.Of all the global problems that confront us, this is the one that is moving the most rapidly and the one that will have the most serious consequences. And, unconnected other global ecological problems, it is completely irreversible. Different people evaluate this duty differently. Since the dissolve of these pages is establish the sustainability of material progress, Ill take the view that although biodiversity is an main(prenominal) amenity, we are mainly concerned with the extent to which losses of diversity are a threat to human progress.One interesting fact in the obligate concerns the effect of an increase in temperature on the north-south range of a plant species, especially of trees. It turns out that the northern limit of a species is determined by temperature. As that limit is approached the r ate of growth goes to zero. However, the rate of growth of a species does not decline as it approaches the southern limit of its range but remains unchanging or even increases. What determines a species southern boundary is competition from other species that require high temperatures.For this reason the southern boundary of a species is likely to switch tardily as its territory is gradually invaded by species liking warm temperature. The invasion is likely to begin in gaps caused by logging and various kinds of die-off. According to Lord Robert May (FRS)-Chief Scientific Adviser to the British Government. Hardly a day passes without one being told that tropical deforestation is extinguishing roughly one species every hour, or maybe even one every minute.Such guesstimates are based on approximate species-area relations, along with assessments of current rates of deforestation and guesses at the global total number of species (which range from 5 to 80 million or more. ) While suc h figures arguably have a purpose in capturing public attention, there is a clear and increasing need for better estimates of impending rates of extinction, based on a keener understanding of extinction rates in the recent and far past, and on the underlying ecological and evolutionary causes. Scientists who worry about extinctions often agree that the world will light upon a new equilibrium as temperature increases assuming it does. However, they worry that the rate of increase of temperature is unprecedented and that species, especially of plants, will migrate northward too slowly and become extinct. Roughly 43 percent of the earths terrestrial vegetated surface has diminished capacity to supply benefit to humanity because of the recent, direct impacts of the disgrace use.This represents 10 percent reduction in potential direct instrumental value (PDIV), defined as the potential to yield direct benefits such as agricultural, forestry, industrial and medical products. Capitalizi ng on the natural recovery mechanisms is urgently needed to prevent further irreversible degradation and to retain the multiple values of profitable land. Differences in extinction rates among groups Estimated Future extinction rates from the species area relations A better way of studying rates of complete biota extinction levels has been developed with the outline of isotopic ratios of Carbon.When behavior is abundant there is almost completely carbon-12 within the geological record. Enzymes within organisms, passing into organic calculate faster, more efficiently accept this isotope, which becomes lithified into rock. At times of lowered biotic activity, such as at an extinction event when a lot of life has been killed, the ratio of carbon-13 within the rocks will be higher as a higher proportion of carbon will be being fixed as carbonates inorganically. Inorganic precipitation of carbon does not differentiate between the different isotopes of carbon as life does.By analyses of carbon isotope ratios it is then possible to see, by peaks in the carbon-13, at what times there has been a reduction of biotic activity. This is independent of whether organisms present are being preserved or not, and shows at what rates the extinction is occurring. Estimated future extinction rates from IUCN red Lists Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels well known, but taxonomically diverse groups from widely different environments. If all species currently deemed threaten become extinct in the next century, then the future extinction rates will be 10 times recent rates.Although new technology provides details on habitat losses, estimates of future extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics. The 2004 IUCN rosy-cheeked List contains 15,589 species threatened with extinction. The assessment includes species from a broad range of taxonomic groups including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. H owever, this figure is an underestimate of the total number of threatened species as it is based on an assessment of less than 3% of the worlds 1. 9 million described species. Among major species groups, the percentage of threatened species ranges between 12% and 52%.The IUCN Red List identifies 12% of birds as threatened, 23% of mammals, and 32% of amphibians. Although reptiles have not been completely assessed, the turtles and tortoises are relatively well reviewed with 42% threatened. Fishes are also poorly represented, but roughly a third of sharks, rays and chimaeras have been assessed and 18% of this group is threatened. Regional case studies on freshwater fishes indicate that these species might be more threatened than marine species. For example, 27% of the freshwater species assessed in Eastern Africa were listed as threatened.Of plants, only conifers and cycads have been completely assessed with 25% and 52% threatened respectively. References Robert M. May, lavatory H. La wton and Nigel E. Stork. Assessing Extinction Rates Extinction Rate Analysis http//palaeo. gly. bris. ac. uk/Palaeofiles/Permian/rateanalysis. html Restoring the value to the worlds degraded Lands Gretchen C. Daily The future of biodiversity Stuart L. Pimm, Gareth j. Russell, John L. Gittleman ,Thomas M. Brook IUCN Red List of Threatened Specieshttp//www. iucn. org/themes/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN. htm References IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3. 1.IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. ii+30. Parr C. S. and Cummings M. P. 2005. Data sharing in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 362363. Purvis A. and Rambaut A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC) an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11 247251. Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso (2003) The Specter of Species Extinction Will Global Warming Decimate Earths Biosphere? 2003 September John Lawton and Robert May BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION RATES 17-May-2004) www-formal. stanford. edu/jmc/progress/biodiversity. html

A Study On Media And Audiences Media Essay

A news report On Media And interviews Media EssayWith the coming of year 2010, the definition of media itself has changed the term of media straightway applies to numerous pertlyfangled communication technologies and many traditional media complianceat has applied new engineering to meet the needs of sense of hearings. Thus technology and innovation have expand media options for the public and auditory modality, while the audience itself has changed in this new media age. The calling into oral sex their economic consumption in democracy since many of these new media ar essentially non mountain any much(prenominal) than (Sunstein, 2001). In light of this, media exercising should be re-conceptualized to include dynamic and interactive, and not only passive, behavior on the part of the audience. The aim of this essay is to answer the question In what ways do changing media formats and technologies present gainsays to how audiences have been traditionally conceptuali zed? author will answer the question by investigate the recent literatures and invite out what beargonrs recently get word the new audience and new media environment. The essay will go through the issues include the new media environment which focus on net income/online media the notion of new audience whether the notion of audience has been changed, a comparison surrounded by historical audience and new audience will be conduct in the article or so audience theories will also be addressed in the essay much(prenominal) as reception possible action and audience active possible action, to take a look into these theory may be useful to analyse whether this theory still equate the todays situation contest of new audience look will be the last part of the article, in this part, author will take an analysis based on the research work dvirtuoso by Livingstone (2004). It shows the challenges facing by audience and media research before and in the new age. By analyse those iss ues related with new media and new audience, there may be an answer to meet the question which be raised in the aim of the essay.Changing media environmentWe argon in the center of a digital revolution that is giving way to a new information environment (Bimber, 2003). We are facing the world with a moving bearing as once-new media become familiar and eve-n perpetually media emerge. The common hold of those new media is internet based. The internet make everything possible and changed piles behavior after it emerged. Manuel Castells has argued that the flows dominate contemporary feeling in his bind The Information Age, our society is constructed around flows, flows of capital, flows of information, flows of technology, flows of organizational interaction, flows of images, sounds, and symbols (Castells, 2000 442) the emerging of new media or the new format of media accelerate the liquidity of the world. For media user, you can whether shoot intelligence information on paro lepaper on the way to work or open the mobile phone and connect to the internet and read the news you are most interested in and check your email box anytime you want. You can also whether check the programme schedule on newspaper and waiting for the program broadcast on television or just open your laptop and go to BBC website and take the favorite drama anytime and any episode. When your tutor suggest s you to purchase a textbook book, you can whether go the high street book store or just go to Amazon.co.uk to buy a book in relevant cheap price. Those available choices indicate that the media environment has been changed, Producer like g everyplacenment, business, broadcast institution or press industry are pickings advantage of internet and new technologies as it can be more(prenominal)(prenominal) globalised and fast disseminate to audiences in every corner of the world. Its different from traditional megabucks media only a more interactive media, most importantly, conve rging with new media to take a complex media-rich and liquid environment. Online media environmentWith no doubt, we are in the internet age now. Even in the media industry, almost every traditional mass media format has a new internet based version, online broadcast, online journal, online TV, online newspaper, online news, online indorses, online advertising etc. it shows both manufacturer and audience are highly demand on the new technology based media because of the common features of those newly metier have much(prenominal) as convenient, low-cal to access and of course interactivity. Web 2.0 is one of most important technology in newly internet space or cyberspace. pew gave a definition of Web 2.0 the capacity of the great unwashed to use a range of information and communication technology as a platform to dribble themselves online and participate in the commons of cyberspace is often heralded as the next phase of the information society. (church bench, 2007 2) Web 2.0 enhanced the interactivity of audience when they use online media and made them more active when they consumption news or different information. The deterrent example of historied media website which takes advantage of web 2.0 is www.youtube.com. People can not only watch video clip on it scarce also they can rating and leave comments on it. The hot video clips on home page normally depend on the rate of click. Moreover, people can upload their consume video to the website and share the video with friends or people all over the world. At this time, audiences convert to producers. The chart below presents the result of a survey conducted in 2004 for investigate whether people prefer online or offline media to obtain information. From the chart we may mystify out the advantages of online media. Sources Frank Magid Association, Online Publisher Association, Multichannel Media Brands, 2004. www.online-publisher.org Although the information are gathered in 5 years ago, it wi ndow pane shows the advantages of online media, people can find what they want easy and quick on internet rather than search on a news paper or television. However people in 2004 feels that use offline media are more enjoyable and satisfying. It indicates that traditional media cannot be replaced by the online media. One thing need to be mentioned is people consider both online and offline media are the same when they consider which is more reliable and trus 2rthy. It is different in my country, in China most people prefer trust online media rather than offline media retardled by government.News mediaTake news consumption as an example. People traditionally obtain news and information from newspaper and TV News broadcast channel. But nowadays, the internet version of newspaper becomes more and more adoptable for audience. JOEY KA-CHING CHAN and LOUIS LEUNG (20057) suggested online news media distinguish themselves from traditional media in a number of ways they are interactive they offer convenience, which embodies easy access, searchable features and the ability to cross-reference through hyperlinking and they provide multimedia features. Being interactive is a important feature for new media, audience are not only passive get word messages but engage with the news event and trying to explore what happening behind news by search related news on the internet. Matt Carlson (2007) mentioned the rise of online news search engines allows users to set their own parameters governing the section of news according to personal preference. Matt took Google News as an example in his article and states that Google news always reports a story from different side of view which may force the authority to be more democracy. I want this to be a force for a democracy. One of the things that makes us objective is we show all points of view. Even if you disagree with one, we give you both the legal age and the minority point of view. The ones you dont agree with are education . Its nice to know what the other side is thinking. Youll forecast left-leaning ones as much as much as you see right-leaning ones. Frankly, the software doesnt know the difference between left and right, which is good. (quoted in Kramer, 2003 n.p.) it just like King (1998 26) argued that interactivity not only describe the high level of control and interactive with national but also present the increasing interactive with news producer such as feedback availability. sense of hearing nowadays becomes more and more powerful in this new media environment.Audiences in historical perspective Before discuss the challenge of conceptualize new audience, it is necessary to take a look into audiences in write up. Marie Gilespie (2005 14) gives us a brief introduction of this perspective. He suggests in most research about media and communication in twentieth century, the researcher commonly focus on todays media and todays audiences with the popular medium like television. However, the idea of the audience can be traced back to ancient times. And Marie think it is important to learn the lesson from register when something can be kindred or entirely new In history, audience means a face-to-face audience in the presence of a communicator or entertainer, whether at a political meeting, the theatre or a concert (Marie 2005 14) Denis McQuail (1997 3) use classical Graeco-Roman audience definition to identify the audiences feature todayPlanning and organization of viewing and listening, as well as of the performances themselvesEvents with a public and popular characterSecular content of performance-for entertainment, education and secondary emotional experiencesVoluntary, individual acts of choice and attentionSpecialization of roles of authors, performers and spectatorsPhysical locatedness of performances and spectator experienceWe can find that some of the features of Graeco-Roman audience are similar with todays audience in mass media environment. The only obvious ly difference is mass media eliminated the limitation of co-location. Even in todays internet media background, some of the features above still match the todays audience, that is, no matter media environment changes, there are some characteristics will not change. This not means there will be no challenge to conceptualized new audience in new environment based on new technology. The aim of discussing the historical media audience is to find the link between history and nowadays society. Although the environment and technology has changed a roundabout, there are still many common features maintained from ancient time to mass media age and from mass media age to new media age. Changing audiencesFrom a coach potato to cybernauts is the title of Eugenia Siapera(2004)s article. The author analyse the change of television audiences to online audience. The article focuses on the broadcasters website such as BBC Channel to investigate the relationship of audience online and offline (TV br oadcast). It is the fact that people gradually adopt into the new media environment. And it begins to change the notion of audience. Siapera (2004 15) suggested the notion of audience has been expanded by the inter-media. The audience has been hitherto most interactive in the digital media age. (Rob cover 2006 16) Coach potato usually describe people who always academic session behind television and watch TV program. This image usually presents more passive way of people receive message from producer. However audience becomes more and more active. The new technology offers different platform for audience to interact with other audiences or the producer. Take fandom as example, Audiences nowadays can easily form or find a fan club on website such as blogging and forum, more over the broadcasts website usually design and develop the certain execute to allow audience track their favorite star or program (Siapera 2004 09) For example, EastEnders (the BBCs soap opera and one of the mos t developed programme sites http//www.bbc.co.uk/eastenders/) has regular updates on what is happening in the soap, a call in inhabit, newsletter, message board, and voting on what should happen to characters/plot lines. The producer may be enamord by the audience opinions to adjust the storyline or what happened next to gain more audiences support. It is what I mentioned before that audience can interact and influence the producer in the new media age. The channel established by producer on internet made audiences more easily to send their feedback to the producer. The reason wherefore producer take audiences opinions serious is because in todays world, the audience can be seen as consumer, I suggested, is adopted by those who conceptualize the audience as a market (Livingstone 1998a) and the profitability of program is only exemplification to justify whether it should be continue or stop. Some American drama can continue make and broadcast for many seasons such as Friends but some are not. The ultimate power of internet fandom is in controlling the actual life and death of a series. For fans of a show, that power is usually in the hands of a network executive or, for a syndicated series, a production company. (Victor Costello and Barbara Moore 2007 16) It depends on whether there are many audiences like it or not. It again, indicates that audience world more and more powerful which can influence both producer and context.Reception under new media environmentThe phenomena stressed above may challenge the traditional reception theory in mass media age. Reception theory points out that Audience interpretations or decrypt have been found to diverge depending on viewers socio-economic position, gender, ethnicity, and so forth, while the possibilities for critical or oppositional reading are anticipated, enabled or restricted by the degree of closure encoded into the text or genre.(Marie Gillespie 2005 40) Audience reception research towards television stud y revealed parallel connections between the conventions of television and viewers decoding strategies like the soap opera viewer builds up an instinct of the characters, puzzles over the secrets, eagerly anticipates the cliff-hanger, guesses the outcome of a subplot, recalls when appropriate the significant events from past episodes, etc., all in accordance with the conventions of the genre (Livingstone, 1998). It just like Cultural theoretician Stuart Hall suggested in his theory of encoding and decoding. He argued that audiences not just passive accept text but people can create their own mean of the text and the communication process should not be linear model such sender-message-receiver model rose by Shannon. The following chart is Halls convert and Decoding model, in the model, hall stressed the meaning of a text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the text and the indorser. We may find that even the halls model neglected t he relationship between sender and receiver. As I mentioned before, the audience nowadays can influence the producer. So I suggest that todays communication process is a loop which every element in the process can be influenced by other elements. And nowadays, with the internet developed, the relationship between the text and the reader may convert to between the text and reader and other readers. Take times online as example, reader may write comments towards specific news and share the comment with other reader. The interactions within those readers which may influence the result by interpret the meaning of text. The two step flow theory also has been challenged by new media age as the process of decentralized the authority. The internet enhanced the availability of information flow. If people may express their opinion on the public space on the internet, Twitter can be a good example audiences are more and more interested in tracking what other peoples point of views. At the sam e time the power of opinion leader becomes more and more declined. It is one of the reason why Twitter and youtube.com being successful.Audience Selectivity and Involvement in the New Media EnvironmentWith no doubt, the newer media environment enables audience to be more active, it not only means that audiences have muti-channels on the new cable television but also suggests that audiences nowadays have a wide range of medium choice. Perse (1990 3) argues there are two dimensions of audience activity. The first one is a qualitative component and describes type of activity. It includes selectivity, evolvement, and utility. Audiences can easily target what they want to receive from the new media such as internet. Take online news as example, www.bbc.co.uk allows audience to customize their own home page. People can choose the type of news or information they may interest in and put them together on the home page of BBC website like the picture below It has been changed a lot from trad itional one to many model to one to one model which means highly customized and personalized design based on the cooky technology and web 2.0. The new media technology can help you to filter what you may not like and try to enhanced personal relevance with their audiences. And audiences become more selective and evolve with the context they received. Livingstone (2004 6) suggested that the new media environment expended the range of issue and arguments in active audience theory. Audiences or the media user become more active which means they are more selective, self-directed. Can new media environment blurry the boundary of being a producer and receiver.Changing relationship between audiences and producersA growing number of ordinary citizens are actively producing media content, challenging these traditional notions. We have seen an unprecedented level of citizen participation in media content-making, with the prevalence and use of blogs, chat rooms, forums, and citizen journalism (Bowman Willis, 2005). The former audience, a term coined by Dan Gillmor (2006), is now actively participating in content generation for a greater variety of media on a scale we have never seen before. Those large numbers of people are able to be more involved in the news and content making process itself. Typical media use is more active and interactive than it has been in the days when a handful of companies controlled content and dissemination. Consequently, the once distinct roles of the elite group producers of content and the mass consumers of content are shifting, and the distinction between producers and consumers of content is blurring (Howard, 2004, p.11). A Pew study found 57% of teens who use the Internet create content online (Pew, 2005). People use digital media to share their favorite news and information with others, by emailing or posting on other sites. Until May of 2008, youtube.com and facebook.com stratified 3rd and 4th most visited website on internet. This information indicates audience keen on produce their own video or context on internet and express themselves which also means there has been a shift in power from large media institution to ordinary people. Challenging of audience study in new media ageLivingstone (2004 pointed out three main challenges which audience research facing for recent age. Those challenges include the gap between what people say and what people do in real life and the unclearly relationship between text and reader, for example the reception theory and the debate on the process of encoding and decoding and also the question of media effects which may influence audiences. Furthermore, the demographic factor should be considered in audience research just like other hearty science diversified audience from different demographic background may interpret the same message differently. Those challenges have been existed in mass media age. The question is dose the challenge will be modified in new media or their will be some new challenge towards internet/online media age? Livingstone (2004) gives us the answer in his article called the challenge of changing audience he suggests that all the old challenges towards mass media research still exist, and in some effect the challenges has been magnified in todays internet media background. It is more and more problematical to find out what online audience practices in their private space such as their bedroom. What they verbalize on online chatting room may totally different with their own behavior in real life. This type of real practices or experiences is hard to record canvas with to investigate the audience in a public space such as Movie Theater. Even to research family television experiences in audiences living room is more achievable than to investigate the online audience as Livingstone argues that online audience and online experience is more personal and private. It leads to the difficulties when conduct observation and interview research. Despite the issue of privacy, the cookie may be a good tool to track online audiences behavior when they surfing on the internet. It may track what part or type of website are most frequently being click by online user, this technology now being widely used in website design, such as www.amazon.com, the most famous online book retailer, customized the home page when people login to the website. There will be some book on the suggestion list which based on you permeable practice like keyword scan or the book you being purchase. The second challenge raised by Livingstone is about the relationship between text and reader. He suggested when this challenge met the online media environment, it brings both practical and theoretical problem. Not like data collected from traditional mass media, new media researcher need to process uncountable data gathered from internet to analyse the relationship between the text and the audiences. In addition, large portion of data are temporary and mean less. More over the notion of text itself has been modified in some extent in online environment. For most of online user (include online media researcher), they have no idea with the hypertext. It is the source of the online content, producer or website designer develop the online world by this hypertext rather than the text we familiar with in real life. Again, the blurring of producer and audience also can be seen as a challenge to research in to the relationship between the text and receiver as the notion of receiver itself has been changed. The last point draw by Livingstone is about moralistic panic related with online media such as the question about whether internet will result harm to young people or children. This challenge has been inherited from television age. Researchers tried to identify the harm towards young audience caused by the violent movie, TV program, comics or other threatens factors. At present, these moral panic centre on the internet, with anxie ty expressed about violent, stereotyped, commercially exploitative or pornographic content and about the reinforcement of individualistic, lazy, prejudice, uncritical or aggressive actions. (Gillespie 2005 12-13) Compare with traditional media, internet is more accessible for any resource on the virtual world. It is the reason why some researchers prefer to veto the online media rather than to take an in-depth research towards it. Take online game in China as an example. The famous MMORPG World of Warcraft is quite popular within Chinese player. 5 million accounts have been created in this online game in Chinese mainland. Many young people spent much time on playing online game in the virtual world. This phenomena draws socialist attention, they worries about those young people may be affected by the violence game like World of Warcraft, so far most of them just want ban this online game in China without doing any research on other related area to investigate why young people addi cted to this game. Some so called psychologist even use electric shock to help those young online game addicts. Doubtless, challenges faced by new media research can be trace back to history, however some new problems gradually out and beginning to be addressed (Hine 2000)ConclusionsWe are now in the liquid world. The new information environment, enabled by digital technology (internet), has changed the relationship between audience and media. Although the new audience still maintain some features from traditional audience, some new features of audience has been addressed by new media researcher. Audiences are becoming less passive and more in control of the use of media platform. They can be more selective and evolved with new media they can decide when, where and what type of the information they need to engages with. Audience now my decoding context meliorate while they share their comments with other audience, also if they want, audience can convert to producer and create the ir own content on cyberspace. The classical audience theory need to be modified to suit the new environment such as the encoding and decoding process, as the audience becomes more powerful than ever before, they can influence the producer and messages producer created that is the communication process in new media age should pay more attention the interactive between producer and audiences. In addition, the two-step flow model has been challenged in online environment as audience nowadays are less influenced by opinion leader but peer review on internet offered by other audience. In the new media environment, the challenges, both old and new problems, which media researcher facing still exist. It is difficult for researcher to record online audiences practice and their experiences since the privacy of online behavior. In addition the new model of text hypertext becomes a challenge for explore the relationship between text and receive in new media environment. Moreover some research ers consider the online media can harm for young people and been a threat to society. It leads them to be more averse(p) to do more complex research into this area. The analysis of the issue in this article suggests that even if most features of audience and media which addressed in past research still suit todays situation, the changes in media technology and format do cause the challenges about how we conceptualize audiences. ReferenceMarie Gillespie (2004) Media Audiences, Open University Press, Chapter 1 pp40 Livingstone, S. (2003) The Changing Nature of Audiences From the aggregate Audience to the Interactive Media User, pp. 337-59 The Blackwell Companion to Media Research. Oxford Blackwell. Livingstone, S. (1998) Making Sense of Television The Psychology of Audience Interpretation, 2nd edn. London Routledge Hine, C. (2000) Virtual Ethnography. London Sage. Hall,S.(1980) Encoding/Decoding in Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A. and Willis, P. Culture, Media, Language, London, Hutch inson Bimber, B. (2000). The study of information technology and civic engagement. Political Communication. 17329-333 Livingstone S. (2004). The Challenge of Changing Audiences Or, What is the Audience Researcher to Do in the Age of the Internet? European Journal of Communication, Mar 2004 19 75 86. Livingstone, S, (1998a) Audience Research at the Crossroads, European Journal of Cultural Studies 1(2) 193-217. Sonia Livingstone (2006) The Influence of Personal Influence on the Study of Audiences. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2006 608 233 ROB COVER (2006) Audience inter/active Interactive media, narrative control and reconceiving audience history.New Media Society 2006 8 139 Joey Ka-Ching Chan, Louis Leung (2005). Lifestyles, reliance on traditional news media and online news adoption. New Media Society, Vol. 7, No. 3, 357-382. Frank Magid Association (2004). Online Publisher Association, Multichannel Media Brands, www.online-publisher.org Sunst ein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press. Pew Internet American Life Project (2007, May 7). A Typology of Information and Communication Technology Users Bowman, S. C. Willis (2005). The future is here, but do news media companies see it? Nieman Reports, 59(4)5-9 Howard, P.N. (2004). ambiguous democracy, thin citizenship The impact of digital media in political campaign strategy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 5971-17. Matt Carlson (2007). BLOGS AND JOURNALISTIC AUTHORITY The role of blogs in US Election. Journalism Studies, Volume 8, Issue 2 April 2007, pages 264 279 Kramer, S. (2003) Google News Creator Watches Portal Quiet Critics With Best News Webby, Online Journalism Review 25 September, King, E. (1998) Redefining Relationships Interactivity Between News Producers and Consumers, Convergence 4(4) 26-32. Victor Costello and Barbara Moore (2007) Cultural Outlaws An Examination of Audience Activity and Onli ne Television Fandom. Television New Media 2007 8 124 ELIZABETH M. PERSE. (1990). Audience Selectivity and Involvement in the Newer Media Environment. Communication Research 1990 17 675 Eugenia Siapera. (2004). From couch potatoes to cybernauts? The expanding notion of the audience on TV channels websites. New Media Society 2004 6 155 Fernando Bermejo (2009) Audience manufacture in historical erspective from broadcasting to Google.New Media Society 2009 11 133 Alexa Traffic Rank for YouTube (three month average). Alexa Internet. http//www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com. Retrieved 2009-08-26. Accessed 15th Dec 2009 http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article6900001.ececomment-have-your-say Accessed 1st Nov 2009 http//media-ucn.co.uk/Lecture%20notes/EncodingDecoding%20Lecture.htm Accessed sixth Jan 2010