American Art Reaction Paper

TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n is Ã' Ã ¾nsidÐ µrÐ µd Ð °s Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ mÐ ¾st sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' rÐ µlÐ µvÐ °nt sÐ ¾ngwritÐ µrs Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur timÐ µ, Ð °nd hÐ °s bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tiÐ ¾n’s mÐ ¾st uniquÐ µ vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µs. DÐ µspitÐ µ sÐ ¾mÐ µ nÐ µgÐ °tivÐ µ fÐ µÃ µdbÐ °Ã' ks Ð ¾n hÐ µr Ð °lbums, mÐ °inlÃ'Æ' thÐ µ lÐ °tÐ µst Ð ¾nÐ µ â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning†, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' rÐ µÃ °ffirms hÐ µr tÐ °lÐ µnts Ð °s Ð ° writÐ µr Ð °nd nÐ ¾t just Ð ° vÐ ¾Ã' Ã °list in Ð µÃ °Ã' h nÐ µw Ð °lbum. ThrÐ ¾ughÐ ¾ut hÐ µr rÐ ¾Ã' k Ã' Ã °rÐ µÃ µr, Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n hÐ °s Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µd suÃ' h sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °l impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt issuÐ µs Ð °s humÐ °n rights, rÐ °Ã' iÐ °l Ð µquÐ °litÃ'Æ', Ð °nd Ð µÃ' Ã ¾nÐ ¾miÃ'  justiÃ' Ã µ.SÐ ¾mÐ µ might sÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ °t suÃ' h thÐ µmÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t nÐ µw Ð °nd Ð °rÐ µ mÐ µntià  ¾nÐ µd in mÐ °nÃ'Æ' Ð ¾thÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs, but thÐ µ wÐ °Ã'Æ' TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs hÐ µr Ð ¾wn Ð °ttitudÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µsÐ µ things is rÐ µÃ °llÃ'Æ' uniquÐ µ Ð °nd tÐ ¾uÃ' hÐ µs thÐ µ hÐ µÃ °rts Ð ¾f fÐ °ns. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n wÐ °s bÐ ¾rn MÐ °rÃ' h 20, 1964 in Ð ¡lÐ µvÐ µlÐ °nd, ОhiÐ ¾. TÐ ¾gÐ µthÐ µr with hÐ µr Ð ¾ldÐ µr sistÐ µr, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' wÐ °s rÐ °isÐ µd Ð °lÐ ¾nÐ µ bÃ'Æ' thÐ µir mÐ ¾thÐ µr in Ð ° â€Å"lÐ ¾wÐ µr-middlÐ µ Ã' lÐ °ss† nÐ µighbÐ ¾rhÐ ¾Ã ¾d. SinÃ' Ã µ hÐ µr mÐ ¾thÐ µr hÐ °d tÐ ¾ wÐ ¾rk hÐ °rd in Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð µÃ °rn Ð µnÐ ¾ugh mÐ ¾nÐ µÃ'Æ' fÐ ¾r living, bÐ ¾th girls spÐ µnt muÃ' h timÐ µ Ð °lÐ ¾nÐ µ, nÐ ¾t hÐ °ving muÃ' h in Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n with thÐ µ kids in thÐ µir nÐ µighbÐ ¾rhÐ ¾Ã ¾d.During thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °rs thÐ µ littlÐ µ girl TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' wrÐ ¾tÐ µ pÐ ¾Ã µtrÃ'Æ' Ð °nd shÐ ¾rt stÐ ¾riÐ µs, lÐ µÃ °rnt tÐ ¾ plÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ µ ukulÐ µlÐ µ, thÐ µ piÐ °nÐ ¾, Ð °nd thÐ µ guitÐ °r. FinÐ °llÃ'Æ', shÐ µ stÐ °rtÐ µd writing hÐ µr Ð ¾wn sÐ ¾ngs whiÃ' h hÐ µlpÐ µd hÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð µxprÐ µss hÐ µr thÐ ¾ughts, Ð µmÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd fÐ µÃ µlings thÐ °t shÐ µ Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t unÃ' Ã ¾vÐ µr tÐ ¾ hÐ µr mÐ ¾thÐ µr Ð ¾r sistÐ µr. LÐ °tÐ µr TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' dÐ µÃ' idÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ã' rÐ µÃ °tÐ µ hÐ µr furthÐ µr lifÐ µ in Ð ° diffÐ µrÐ µnt wÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ °n shÐ µ wÐ °s grÐ ¾wn up. Ð s Ð ° rÐ µsult, shÐ µ finishÐ µd Ð ° privÐ °tÐ µ sÃ' hÐ ¾Ã ¾l in Ð ¡Ã ¾nnÐ µÃ' tiÃ' ut Ð °nd lÐ °tÐ µr rÐ µÃ' Ã µivÐ µd Ð ° sÃ' hÐ ¾lÐ °rship tÐ ¾ studÃ'Æ' in Tufts UnivÐ µrsitÃ'Æ' in BÐ ¾stÐ ¾n.DuÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f hÐ µr Ã' lÐ °ssmÐ °tÐ µs Ð °t Tufts TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n gÐ µt signÐ µd tÐ ¾ ЕlÐ µktrÐ ° RÐ µÃ' Ã ¾rds whiÃ' h rÐ µlÐ µÃ °sÐ µd hÐ µr dÐ µbut in 1988 with thÐ µ fit FÐ °st Ð ¡Ã °r (TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' ThÐ ¾mpsÐ ¾n, p. 31). It wÐ °s Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' thÐ µ bÐ µginning Ð ¾f Ð ° suÃ' Ã' Ã µssful Ã' Ã °rÐ µÃ µr Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °nd intrÐ ¾duÃ' Ã µd hÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð ° lÐ µgiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f fÐ °ns. HÐ µr lÐ °tÐ µst Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† Ã' Ã ¾mbinÐ µs bÐ ¾th fÐ °miliÐ °r thÐ µmÐ µs with Ð ° fÐ µw mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð µÃ' lÐ µÃ' tiÃ'  musiÃ' Ã °l influÐ µnÃ' Ã µs. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n triÐ µs tÐ ¾ stÐ °Ã'Æ' mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð ¾r lÐ µss truÐ µ tÐ ¾ hÐ µr Ð ¾riginÐ °l sÐ ¾und in Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ng Ð ¾f this Ð °lbum. HÐ µr guitÐ °r bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µs pÐ °rt Ð ¾f hÐ µr vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ Ð °nd thÐ µ musiÃ'  blÐ µnds smÐ ¾Ã ¾th.This Ð °lbum is sÐ ¾ diffÐ µrÐ µnt frÐ ¾m hÐ µr prÐ µviÐ ¾us Ð ¾nÐ µs thÐ °t Ð ¾nÐ µ Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t hÐ µlp bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾ming Ð ° littlÐ µ Ð °ddiÃ' tÐ µd tÐ ¾ this nÐ µw sÐ ¾und Ð °nd vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ Ð ¾f Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °s Ð ° whÐ ¾lÐ µ. It is thÐ µ fÐ ¾lk musiÃ'  Ð ¡D thÐ °t tings rÐ ¾Ã' k, sÐ ¾ul Ð °nd bluÐ µs whiÃ' h is rÐ °thÐ µr Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n fÐ ¾r TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n. HÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, this timÐ µ singÐ µr Ð °ddÐ µd sÐ ¾mÐ µ nÐ µw sÐ ¾niÃ'  Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts likÐ µ thÐ µ bÐ °gpipÐ µs Ð °nd digÐ µrdÐ ¾Ã ¾ (Bud Ð £Ã µÃ °gÐ µr, p. 23). ЕvÐ µrÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ng in thÐ µ Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† is impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt in its mÐ µÃ °ning Ð °nd mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µ fÐ °ns, hÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l sÐ ¾ngs Ð °rÐ µ wÐ ¾rthÃ'Æ' Ð ¾f spÐ µÃ' iÐ °l Ð °ttÐ µntiÐ ¾n. Ð mÐ ¾ng thÐ µm is thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld†.It tÐ µlls Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µ dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur plÐ °nÐ µt in thÐ µ wÐ °Ã'Æ's thÐ °t might bÐ µ Ð °vÐ ¾idÐ µd bÃ'Æ' thÐ µ humÐ °nitÃ'Æ'. Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n pÐ ¾ints Ð ¾ut thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rth is â€Å"mÐ ¾thÐ µr Ð ¾f us Ð °ll, plÐ °Ã' Ã µ Ð ¾f Ð ¾ur birth† whiÃ' h hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn â€Å"pÐ ¾isÐ ¾nÐ µd Ð °nd bÐ µÃ °tÐ µn up† fÐ ¾r lÐ ¾ng pÐ µriÐ ¾d Ð ¾f timÐ µ. PÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ, whÐ ¾ Ð °rÐ µ witnÐ µssÐ µs Ð ¾f suÃ' h â€Å"grÐ µÃ °t viÐ ¾lÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð °ll timÐ µÃ¢â‚¬ , stÐ °nd Ð °sidÐ µ Ð °nd dÐ ¾ nÐ ¾thing tÐ ¾ prÐ µvÐ µnt suÃ' h hÐ ¾rriblÐ µ Ã' rimÐ µ. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n hÐ °s Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ thÐ µmÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µÃ °rth pÐ ¾llutiÐ ¾n in hÐ µr prÐ µviÐ ¾us sÐ ¾ngs Ð °s wÐ µll, but it sÐ µÃ µms thÐ °t Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† givÐ µs hÐ µr Ð ° nÐ µw hÐ ¾pÐ µ fÐ ¾r bÐ µttÐ µr futurÐ µ.ThÐ °t is whÃ'Æ', in Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ng shÐ µ inspirÐ µs pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ tÐ ¾ lÐ ¾Ã ¾k Ð °rÐ ¾und Ð °nd â€Å"stÐ ¾p thÐ µ rÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ wÐ ¾rld†; Ð ¾thÐ µrwisÐ µ, it will bÐ µ â€Å"thÐ µ bÐ µginning Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð µnd† (Ð li SinÃ' lÐ °ir, p. 9). In thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld† Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s Ð ¾thÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs frÐ ¾m Ð °lbum â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n tÐ °kÐ µs Ð ° simplÐ µ musiÃ' Ã °l Ð °pprÐ ¾Ã °Ã' h in Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ fÐ ¾Ã' us Ð °ttÐ µntiÐ ¾n Ð ¾n hÐ µr Ð ¾wn vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ. Ð s usuÐ °l, lÃ'Æ'riÃ' s Ã' Ã ¾mbinÐ µ Ð µmÐ ¾tiÐ ¾nÐ °l pÐ ¾rtrÐ °its Ð °nd pÐ ¾litiÃ' Ã °l gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °lizÐ °tiÐ ¾ns whiÃ' h shÐ ¾w Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n’s fÐ µÃ µlings Ð °nd pÐ ¾litiÃ' s Ð µvÐ µn mÐ ¾rÐ µ dÐ µÃ µplÃ'Æ' (GÐ µÃ ¾rgÐ µ GrÐ °hÐ °m, p. 10).Ð s ЕntÐ µrtÐ °inmÐ µnt WÐ µÃ µklÃ'Æ' wrÐ ¾tÐ µ in 1995, â€Å"hÐ µr rÐ µsÐ ¾nÐ °nt vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ imbuÐ µs thÐ µsÐ µ lÐ ¾w-kÐ µÃ'Æ' sÐ ¾ngs with wÐ °rmth thÐ °t sÐ µduÃ' Ã µs Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (12/1/95, p. 74) WhilÐ µ Ð ¾thÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs in thÐ µ Ð °lbum tÐ °lk mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °bÐ ¾ut lÐ ¾vÐ µ Ð °nd rÐ ¾mÐ °nÃ' Ã µ, sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld† is Ð ° bÐ µÃ °utiful Ã'Æ'Ð µt mÐ ¾urnful bÐ °llÐ °d Ð °bÐ ¾ut sÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °l injustiÃ' Ã µ. SingÐ µr Ð µmphÐ °sizÐ µs thÐ °t if Ð µÃ °rth is â€Å"mÐ ¾thÐ µr Ð ¾f us Ð °ll†, thÐ µn it is â€Å"thÐ µ dÐ µÃ °dliÐ µst Ð ¾f sins† bÐ µÃ' Ã °usÐ µ it givÐ µs birth tÐ ¾ Ð °ll thÐ µ living bÐ µings Ð °nd givÐ µs thÐ µm fÐ ¾Ã ¾d Ð °nd shÐ µltÐ µr. ЕÐ °rth is Ð °ssÐ ¾Ã' iÐ °tÐ µd with Ð ° quÐ µÃ µn tÐ °t hÐ °s glÐ ¾rÃ'Æ' Ð °nd pÐ ¾wÐ µr.HÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, in rÐ µÃ °litÃ'Æ' situÐ °tiÐ ¾n is tÐ ¾tÐ °llÃ'Æ' diffÐ µrÐ µnt sinÃ' Ã µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ usÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °l rÐ µsÐ ¾urÃ' Ã µs unwisÐ µlÃ'Æ', dÐ µstrÐ ¾Ã'Æ' fÐ ¾rÐ µsts Ð °nd lÐ °kÐ µs, thus Ã' Ã °usÐ µ Ð °ir Ð °nd wÐ °tÐ µr pÐ ¾llutiÐ ¾n. Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ã' Ã °nnÐ ¾t bÐ µ indiffÐ µrÐ µnt tÐ ¾ this situÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd suÃ' h Ð °ttitudÐ µ Ð ¾f humÐ °nitÃ'Æ' tÐ ¾ thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt. PÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ usÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ã' Ã °mpÐ °igns, thus, might lÐ ¾sÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µst tÐ ¾ thÐ µir truÐ µ mÐ µÃ °ning. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n hÐ ¾pÐ µs thÐ °t if wÐ ¾rds frÐ ¾m hÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs tÐ ¾uÃ' h Ð °t lÐ µÃ °st Ð ¾nÐ µ pÐ µrsÐ ¾n, Ð °ll thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °ttÐ µmpts Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t in vÐ °in. SÐ ¾mÐ µtimÐ µs, Ð ° wÐ ¾rd Ã' Ã °n tÐ ¾uÃ' h thÐ µ mind Ð °nd hÐ µÃ °rt Ð ¾f Ð ° pÐ µrsÐ ¾n in bÐ µttÐ µr wÐ °Ã'Æ' thÐ °n Ð °nÃ'Æ' Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ã' Ã °mpÐ °ign Ð ¾r Ð °dvÐ µrtisÐ µmÐ µnt in thÐ µ nÐ µwspÐ °pÐ µr Ð ¾r mÐ °gÐ °zinÐ µ.Thus, shÐ µ Ã' Ã °lls Ð ¾thÐ µrs tÐ ¾ sÐ µÃ µ Ð °ll this dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n with thÐ µir Ð ¾wn Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µs Ð °nd hÐ µÃ °r thÐ µ Ã' riÐ µs Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rth. ThÐ ¾ugh, thÐ µ glÐ ¾bÐ °l Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µ in thÐ µ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µnt shÐ ¾uld stà  °rt frÐ ¾m Ð ° littlÐ µ Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µ within Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' individuÐ °l. TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n usÐ µd thÐ µ wÐ ¾rd â€Å"rÐ °pÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  Ð ¾n purpÐ ¾sÐ µ. If shÐ µ mÐ µntiÐ ¾nÐ µd wÐ ¾rds likÐ µ â€Å"ruin†, â€Å"dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n† Ð °nd Ð ¾thÐ µrs, it might nÐ ¾t influÐ µnÃ' Ã µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ sÐ ¾ muÃ' h Ð °s with thÐ µ wÐ ¾rd â€Å"rÐ °pÐ µÃ¢â‚¬ . ThÐ µ wÐ ¾rd hÐ °s Ð ° dÐ µÃ µp mÐ µÃ °ning, thÐ °t is, Ð µÃ °rth is hÐ µlplÐ µss tÐ ¾wÐ °rd humÐ °n’s Ã' ruÐ µl Ð °Ã' tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd lÐ ¾sÐ µs its pÐ ¾wÐ µr Ð °nd pÐ ¾ssibilitiÐ µs Ð °s thÐ µ nÐ µgÐ °tivÐ µ Ð °nd hÐ °rmful influÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ð ¾f humÐ °nitÃ'Æ' inÃ' rÐ µÃ °sÐ µs.During mÐ °nÃ'Æ' Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °rs Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ã' Ã µnturiÐ µs Ð µÃ °rth hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn â€Å"Ã' lÐ µÃ °r-Ã' ut, dumpÐ µd Ð ¾n, pÐ ¾isÐ ¾nÐ µd Ð °nd bÐ µÃ °tÐ µn up†, whilÐ µ pÐ ¾pulÐ °tiÐ ¾n wÐ °s indiffÐ µrà  µnt, blind Ð °nd mutÐ µ witnÐ µss Ð ¾f this grÐ µÃ °t viÐ ¾lÐ °tiÐ ¾n. SÐ ¾mÐ µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ Ã' Ã °n tÐ °lk Ð °bÐ ¾ut Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l issuÐ µs Ð °nd Ð µÃ °rth prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n, but dÐ ¾ nÐ ¾thing tÐ ¾ prÐ µvÐ µnt thÐ µ dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n. ОthÐ µrs nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' tÐ °lk, but Ð °lsÐ ¾ mÐ °kÐ µ Ð °pprÐ ¾priÐ °tÐ µ Ð °Ã' tiÐ ¾ns tÐ ¾ hÐ µlp thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt. WÐ ¾rds Ð °nd mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µs frÐ ¾m Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n’s sÐ ¾ngs might bÐ µ summÐ °rizÐ µd in Ð ¾nÐ µ singlÐ µ – â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning† whÐ µrÐ µ singÐ µr Ð µmphÐ °sizÐ µs thÐ °t â€Å"it’s timÐ µ tÐ ¾ stÐ °rt Ð °ll Ð ¾vÐ µr mÐ °kÐ µ Ð ° nÐ µw bÐ µginning†.WhilÐ µ it still Ã' Ã °rriÐ µs thÐ µ sÐ °mÐ µ strÐ ¾ng mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ, it Ð °lsÐ ¾ Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µs thÐ µ mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ mÐ ¾rÐ µ subtlÐ µtÃ'Æ': â€Å"WÐ µ Ã' Ã °n brÐ µÃ °k thÐ µ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã' lÐ µ, wÐ µ Ã' Ã °n stÐ °rt Ð °ll Ð ¾vÐ µr†¦Ã¢â‚¬  DÐ µspitÐ µ sÐ °d mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng, its lÃ'Æ'riÃ' s prÐ ¾vidÐ µ pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ with thÐ µ hÐ ¾pÐ µ thÐ °t it is nÐ ¾t tÐ ¾Ã ¾ lÐ °tÐ µ tÐ ¾ stÐ ¾p thÐ µ dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd sÐ °vÐ µ Ð ¾ur plÐ °nÐ µt frÐ ¾m tÐ ¾tÐ °l Ã' risis. ThÐ µ sÐ ¾ng shÐ °mÐ µs listÐ µnÐ µrs intÐ ¾ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l rÐ µspÐ ¾nsibilitÃ'Æ' whiÃ' h is thÐ µ bÐ °siÃ'  Ð ¾f Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' individuÐ °l in thÐ µir Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ'dÐ °Ã'Æ' lifÐ µ. WhilÐ µ listÐ µning tÐ ¾ thÐ µ sÐ ¾ng â€Å"ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld†, thÐ µrÐ µ is nÐ ¾ dÐ ¾ubt thÐ °t Ð °nÃ'Æ'Ð ¾nÐ µ Ã' Ã °n stÐ °Ã'Æ' indiffÐ µrÐ µnt tÐ ¾ thÐ µsÐ µ wÐ ¾rds, Ð µspÐ µÃ' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' whÐ µn Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n pÐ ¾ints Ð ¾ut thÐ °t humÐ °nitÃ'Æ' is â€Å"witnÐ µss† tÐ ¾ this rÐ °pÐ µ.It mÐ µÃ °ns thÐ °t wÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ bÐ ¾th Ã' ruÐ µl dÐ µstrÐ ¾Ã'Æ'Ð µr Ð °nd hÐ µlplà  µss witnÐ µss. WÐ µ ruin Ð ¾ur Ð ¾wn bÐ °sÐ µ – thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rth wÐ µ livÐ µ in. If wÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾ntinuÐ µ suÃ' h hÐ °rmful Ð °Ã' tiÐ ¾ns, whÐ °t will hÐ °ppÐ µn with thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt in sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ °rs? Will wÐ µ thÐ µn bÐ µ Ð °blÐ µ tÐ ¾ brÐ µÃ °thÐ µ frÐ µsh Ð °ir, tÐ ¾ wÐ °lk tÐ ¾ thÐ µ fÐ ¾rÐ µsts Ð °nd pÐ °rk, tÐ ¾ usÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °l rÐ µsÐ ¾urÃ' Ã µs thÐ °t wÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd sÐ ¾ muÃ' h in Ð ¾ur lifÐ µ? In suÃ' h Ð ° wÐ °Ã'Æ', wÐ ¾rds Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' pÐ µrsÐ ¾n Ð ¾n thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt with thÐ µ hÐ ¾pÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ã' ruÃ' iÐ °l Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µs in Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ sÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µ plÐ °nÐ µt frÐ ¾m tÐ ¾tÐ °l dÐ µstruÃ' tiÐ ¾n. SinÃ' Ã µ nÐ ¾wÐ °dÐ °Ã'Æ's thÐ µ quÐ µstiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n is vitÐ °l, sÐ ¾ngs Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n Ð °rÐ µ mÐ ¾ rÐ µ thÐ °n impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt.ThÐ µÃ'Æ' Ð °rÐ µ nÐ ¾t Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µs Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' tÐ ¾ Ð mÐ µriÃ' Ã °n nÐ °tiÐ ¾n, but tÐ ¾ thÐ µ whÐ ¾lÐ µ wÐ ¾rld Ð °s wÐ µll bÐ µÃ' Ã °usÐ µ if Ð °ll nÐ °tiÐ ¾ns unitÐ µ in Ð µÃ °rth prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n, wÐ µ still hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° Ã' hÐ °nÃ' Ã µ tÐ ¾ sÐ °vÐ µ Ð ¾ur â€Å"hÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð °nd plÐ °Ã' Ã µ Ð ¾f birth†. GrÐ µÃ µn PÐ µÃ °Ã' Ã µ Ð °nd Ð ¾thÐ µr Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ð ¾rgÐ °nizÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µrÃ'Æ' pÐ ¾pulÐ °r tÐ ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ', Ð µspÐ µÃ' iÐ °llÃ'Æ' Ð °mÐ ¾ng Ã'Æ'Ð ¾uth. ThÐ µir mÐ °in mÐ µssÐ °gÐ µ is thÐ °t Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ung pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ thÐ ¾sÐ µ rÐ µspÐ ¾nsiblÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ã' hÐ °ngÐ µs in tÐ ¾dÐ °Ã'Æ'’s wÐ ¾rld. Ð s thÐ µ prÐ ¾Ã ¾f Ð ¾f hÐ µr Ð ¾wn Ã' Ã °rÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ð µÃ °rth prÐ ¾tÐ µÃ' tiÐ ¾n, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n pÐ °rtiÃ' ipÐ °tÐ µd in sÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾f rÐ ¾Ã' k’s mÐ ¾st lÐ µg Ð µndÐ °rÃ'Æ' livÐ µ Ð µvÐ µnts, inÃ' luding Ð mnÐ µstÃ'Æ' IntÐ µrnÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l’s HumÐ °n Rights TÐ ¾ur, LÐ ¾ndÐ ¾n’s FrÐ µÃ µdÐ ¾mfÐ µst hÐ ¾nÐ ¾ring NÐ µlsÐ ¾n MÐ °ndÐ µlÐ °, Ð °nd thÐ µ BÐ ¾b DÃ'Æ'lÐ °n 30th Ð nnivÐ µrsÐ °rÃ'Æ' Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µrt.HÐ µr Ã' Ã ¾ntributiÐ ¾n intÐ ¾ musiÃ'  Ð °nd Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l sphÐ µrÐ µs is vÐ µrÃ'Æ' impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt sinÃ' Ã µ duÐ µ tÐ ¾ hÐ µr sÐ ¾ngs TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n is urging fÐ ¾r Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °Ã' tivism in thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °pÐ °thÐ µtiÃ'  timÐ µs. WÐ ¾rks Ð ¡itÐ µd: Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ'. NÐ µw BÐ µginning: ThÐ µ RÐ °pÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ WÐ ¾rld. ЕlÐ µktrÐ °, Ð ¡D 61850-2, 1995 GrÐ °hÐ °m, GÐ µÃ ¾rgÐ µ. â€Å"ThÐ µ GrÐ °hÐ °m WÐ µÃ µklÃ'Æ' Ð lbum RÐ µviÐ µw #1007 TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n: NÐ µw BÐ µginning†. ЕlÐ µktrÐ ° RÐ µÃ' Ã ¾rds: 11/8/95 SinÃ' lÐ °ir, Ð li.  "NÐ µw BÐ µginning. † MusiÃ'  RÐ µviÐ µw 1996 ThÐ ¾mpsÐ ¾n, TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ'. â€Å"This LÐ µgÐ µnd VÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ. † ЕntÐ µrtÐ °inmÐ µnt WÐ µÃ µklÃ'Æ' 1995 Ð £Ã µÃ °gÐ µr, Bud. â€Å"NÐ µw BÐ µginning Ð ¾f TrÐ °Ã' Ã'Æ' Ð ¡hÐ °pmÐ °n. † LÐ ¾s Ð ngÐ µlÐ µs TimÐ µs 25 MÐ °r. 1995

On the Waterfront Essay

Kazan does not only use Terry Malloy by establishing him a hero in On the Waterfront to value individual conscience or moral growth above community loyalty or sense of obligation, but also other characters like Edie and Father Barry. Unlike Terry, who has to gain individual conscience, Edie and Father Barry have never been really closely connected to the community, which allows them individual conscience. Their supporting role of Terry’s moral growth is used by Kazan to praise individual conscience, as it also liberates the waterfront. It should not be mistaken that Kazan does support individual conscience in the deaths of Charley and Dugan who had to die for the possession of a sense of justice. Their deaths were portrayed by Kazan as a type of martyrdom and also had a great impact on Terry, which resulted in his portrayal as a hero. Edie Doyle and Father Barry epitomise individual conscience, which Kazan attributes to how they are outsiders and allows this value to waver as both of them become more involved with actions of disruption and protest against the corrupt union on the waterfront. Father Barry was a â€Å"saint [who] hid in the church† believing that â€Å"time and faith were great healers†. It was Edie’s sense of justice which pushed Father Barry out of his passive role to work for social justice, as she bitingly scorned Father Barry’s inability with a close up used so that viewers can tangibly feel her resentment, when Joey had just been pushed off the roof of the tenement. Father Barry had transformed from being a â€Å"potato eater† (demeaning label of an Irish Catholic simpleton), to risk being â€Å"shipped off to Abyssinia† (a pun perhaps as the abyss is death) to break the mob’s corrupt grip on the waterfront. The attack on the church did not faze Father Barry despite the alarming clatter of baseball bats on the pavement and heads being using like baseballs, when the church was under attack by the union. Father Barry’s individual conscience grew as he firmly believed that â€Å"these people (the community) needed help†. This as well as going â€Å"right down to the wire† for Dugan, acted as a catalyst for Father Barry’s growth in individual conscience, which had made him a hero in his own right as he had to triumph over his own inhibitions and the conservative restrictions of and expectations of his role from the church. Edie unlike Father Barry, had already possessed individual conscience (she had contributed to Father Barry’s growth to provide justice), but she like Father Barry refrained from perpetually seeking an end to the corruption on the waterfront. Father Barry had sought to back Dugan as he talked to the crime commissioners so that they could charge the union of corruption, yet when Dugan died from an apparent ‘accident’ Father Barry shied away from taking an active role, preferring to be passive in his involvement, as seen when Terry came to ask for advice of whether he should go testify against the union where Father Barry in a bitter tone said that Terry’s â€Å"own conscience has got to do the asking†. This may suggest Father Barry’s guilt in pushing Dugan to take action which resulted in his death. Edie also refrained from the active role she had taken to find Joey’s killer and unknowingly fighting against the corrupt union, when she realised she loved Terry. Thus not wanting him to die but to â€Å"come to the country, where there is no Johnny Friendly†, who controlled the union, and threatened his life. She may have been trying to protect Terry but she did not consider the impact on those who work on the waterfront, including her own father, Pop Doyle, who would continue to be exploited by the union, thus perhaps compromising her morals to an extent. Unlike Terry, Father Barry and Edie were not empowered to stop the corruption of the union on the waterfront. It is in Father Barry and Edie’s inability to stop corruption that establishes Terry as the hero through his moral growth to individual conscience. Ultimately it is his triumph over the corrupt union to show that individual conscience is valued over community value, when comparing his moral growth to Father Barry and Edie’s. Kazan allowed the audience to follow Terry’s tumultuous moral growth allowing strong connection to form between the bodies. It was loss of Joey that had begun the transformation process that had reignited his bitterness for purposely losing in a boxing final to fulfil Johnny Friendly’s bet. Terry’s relationship with Edie had also contributed to his growth of moral conscience as an individual, as Terry wanted to protect as he confessed she was â€Å"the first nice thing that has ever happened to me† to Father Barry when he was seeking to know whether he should confess to the crime commission about Joey’s death. Father Barry had also encouraged Terry to be truthful to himself to develop individual conscience, allowing Terry to admit he was being used by Johnny Friendly (â€Å"it’s do it or else† when it comes to a favour from Friendly). Terry would not have been a hero with individual conscience if he had not the support from Edie and Father Barry. Terry had to struggle against community loyalty to achieve individual conscience. Kazan uses this struggle to humanise the character making him heroic. Terry had always been â€Å"one of theirs† or part of the union as he was the â€Å"brother of Charlie the Gent†, he was in a sense also an outsider like Edie and Father Barry from the workers of Hoboken on the docks yet he was driven by self-preservation, which led him to adopt the â€Å"D ‘n D† or Deaf and Dumb creed (not speaking up against anything the union did – keeping silent) from the dock workers, which inextricably created a superficial community loyalty as they shared the view that their â€Å"life was not worth a nickel†. It was Charlie’s death that had led to Terry going against community loyalty, as Charlie was his brother and shared a strong connection with each other. Charlie had looked out for Terry as he had sacrificed himself knowing â€Å"10 to 1 they (Johnny Friendly) won’t believe me†. This portrayed Terry as the tragic hero eliciting the sympathy of the audience who will celebrate as Terry topples Johnny Friendly’s position of power, as he stumbled battle worn after violently grappling with Friendly into the warehouse to take his position as the new spiritual leader of the workers, with trumpets in the soundtrack heralding his triumph. His growth to individual conscience had led to Terry’s redemption of Joey and Charlie’s death. Community loyalty would not have achieved this. Kazan valued individual conscience in Edie and Father Barry, but through them has shown that though it may motivate them to defeat corruption they may not be empowered to take action. It is through Terry that Kazan strongly values individual conscience by establishing him as an enduring hero, who had to undergo transformation and go against community loyalty, but also needed support to uproot Johnny Friendly and his corruption.

Content analysis of Sionil Jose Essay

Chapter I The Problem and Its Setting A.Introduction â€Å"Open a journalist’s desk drawer and inside you’ll find an unfinished novel.† This was what Scanlan (2004) wrote in his essay From Fact to Fiction: Making the Leap. He added that while there are people in the journalism industry who practice their expertise on news reporting, there are also those who are inclined to other forms of writing namely plays, poetry, and fiction. Based on Scanlan’s definition, Journalism is a profession inclined to writing facts. Brainworld Publishing (2011) supplements this description as â€Å"the work of gathering, writing, editing, and publishing or disseminating news, as through newspapers and magazines or by television and radio.† On the contrary, Brainworld Publishing describes fiction as the act of feigning or imagining an event, situation, and the like not existing in actual life. This includes allegory, fables, novel, romance, story, and tale describes. In relation, a fictionist is someone who writes fiction , mainly novels (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011). In the United States alone, well-known novelists or fiction writers began their career as journalists. These great writers started out as â€Å"reporters of facts† (Fishkin, 1985). In 1835, famous 19th century American author, poet, and literary critic Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849), better known for his mystery and horror-filled detective stories, had previously been an assistant editor in the magazine Southern Literary Messenger. He also acquired the same post in Burton’s Gentleman Magazine in 1839, but left for Graham’s Magazine. Poe also wrote for the Evening Mirror. He then became an editor and eventually the sole owner of The Broadway Journal, according to Bio. A&E Television Networks, (2014). Another prominent figure in literature from the late 1800s, U.S. writer Walt Whitman (1819-1892), was an essayist, a poet, as well as a journalist. He initially found a job as a newspaper apprentice at the age of 11. In 1841, Whitman founded the weekly Long-Islander. He had been an editor of Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1846. He also took charge of the editorial duty in Crescent then subsequently pioneered the Brooklyn Freeman, both in 1848. His practice in print continued for the following years until he resorted to and devoted the rest of his lifetime to realist poetry and mainly politically-influenced works (Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2014). In the Philippines,  award-winning script writer Ricardo â€Å"Ricky† Lee, who is known for his fiction, worked as a journalist for the Philippine Press Freedom in 1970’s. Lee was also a part of Panunulat para sa Kaunlaran ng Sambayanan (PAKSA or Pen for the People’s Progress). His experiences as a fugitive during the Martial Law served as an inspiration for some of his works (Lumbera, 2011). Yabes (2014) says that 2001 National Artist for Literature, Ramon Magsaysay Awardee, and three-time first-prize Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards recipient F. Sionil Jose, used to be a campus journalist while studying Liberal Arts in the University of Santo Tomas. He had been the editor-in-chief of UST’s official publication, The Varsitarian. Jose, whose novels are widely known for their epic depiction of the Philippine life throughout history, is a publisher as well, and holds editorial positions for several local and international magazines. The researchers wonder about how the background in Journalism of selected Filipino fictionists help them transit from writing facts to writing fiction. B.Statement of the Problem This study will primarily aim to analyze the journalistic experiences of selected fictionists and its relationship to their writing styles. Specifically, it will target to answer the following questions: 1.How is the demographic profile of respondents be divided in terms of: 1.1. age; 1.2. media affiliation or publishing company and 1.3. years in the book industry? 2.How do journalistic experiences help the selected local fictionists in their field of work? 2.1. What are the factors that influence journalists to also venture on fiction writing? 3.How does these journalists’ sense of reality (given that they report facts) affect the contents of their fiction? C.Significance of the Study The main purpose of this study is to change the perception of people, especially those venturing on journalism as simply reportage of facts. The researchers believe that this will broaden the perspective of people in journalism as well as the opportunities the said field can offer. Upon completion, the study will be of importance to the following: Media  practitioners. The study will give an option for practicing journalists to also venture on fiction writing since they already had a background on writing. Publishers. It will provide them new opportunities to invest on and hire journalists who can write fiction and the chance to introduce fresh writing styles to the market. In return, the publication will have more writers and eventually produce more stories. Aspiring fiction writers. Considering that taking journalism course will improve their writing style as future fiction writers, hence, they will be able to enrich their writing capacity. Readers. It will help them understand that journalism course does not solely focus on reporting news. It will also change their common misconception on journalists that the latter are only boxed in writing fact-based stories. Journalism students. It will open other avenues in writing aside from settling on the conventional technical writing. In addition, it will give them the idea to venture on other writing jobs and to maximize their writing abilities. College of Arts and Letters Faculty. It will give an idea to the faculty that apart from teaching technical writing to journalism students, they can also advice them to nurture their writing skills in other ways such as fiction writing. In addition, the professors and instructors will have an idea on how to further broaden their students’ writing capabilities. Future researchers. This study will serve as a reference material and a guide as well to those who will pursue a study related to this topic. D.Scope and Delimitation This study will cover five or more fictionists. The researchers will interview subjects who had previous background in journalism (i.e., campus journalist, columnist, newspaper researcher, etc.) but not necessarily graduates of the said course about the latter’s journalistic experiences and its probable influence to their fiction. The selection of the fictionists to be interviewed will be based on the following criteria: †¢Has been in the writing industry, particularly fiction, for 10 years or more; and †¢Is recognized in his/her chosen field. It will be limited to Filipino writers who had practiced journalism then turned into fictionists, excluding international fiction authors who have  also worked in the field of journalism. The methodology of the study will only last from October 2014 to March 2015. E.Definition of Terms The following words will be defined either conceptually or operationally: Book industry – the enterprise of producing and manufacturing books, particularly fiction Books – any printed fiction material on paperback, excluding e-books Crime Fiction – also known as detective stories. A work of fiction wherein unraveling and detection of the truth about a crime, usually but not exclusively murder, plays the central role in the plot. (Shephard and Rennison, 2006). Sport History – or sport fiction. A work of fiction that features the main characters’ struggle with issues related to sports. (Routman, 2005) Chapter II Review of Related Studies and Literature This chapter contains the researchers’ readings on the topic under study. A.Related Theories New Historicism New Historicism Theory proposes â€Å"several major ‘historicists’† to study a literature in social, political, and cultural history context. A nation’s literary history is an expression of â€Å"its evolving spirit† and consists of two approaches: one in the form of collection of archives and monuments of great people, and ‘historicist’ on the other, which â€Å"saw literary history as part of a larger cultural history† (Selden, 2005). The New Historicists, as Tillyard describes (1943), thus â€Å"establish the interconnections between the literature and the general culture of a period.† (Selden, 2005). The researchers will use the theory to analyze how historical events that the respondents witnessed during their journalism practice influence if their works. The theory will also serve as a basis on how the respondents perceive reality through their works. Postcolonial Criticism Postcolonial criticism delves into the existing relationship between the Western and Third World culture, with the former repressing the latter with its ethnocentrism. The primary goal of this theory is to trace the domination of Western culture, thought, and values over the marginalized as expressed through literature (Seldan, 1985). Said (1978, as cited in Selden, 1985) asserts the distinction made between the Occident and the Orient through Orientalism which has three overlapping areas: the 4000-year Europe-Asia relations, production of Oriental language specialists, and stereotyping the Orient as â€Å"the other.† Spivak (1976, as cited in Selden, 1985) deals with deconstructive method in criticizing and revealing â€Å"how truth is constructed rather than exposing the error† (Selden, 1985, p. 223). She further proposes how the Western tradition needs â€Å"the other† but does not readily admit it. The researchers will use the theory to interpret how the sele cted Filipino fictionists with journalism background express such repression and convey reality through their literary works. How the Humanities and Journalism Can Save Each Other Perlmutter and Dowling (2012) explain that journalism is vital in serializing fiction. They mention the 19th century best-selling novel Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin being first published in a periodical as an example. They assert that â€Å"Walt Whitman and Margaret Fuller nurtured their careers as fictionists through journalism.† They even suggested to reporters serializing â€Å"novels they always wanted to write about.† The same with the previous study, this study will focus on fictional works in print, but with different medium. Perlmutter and Dowling concentrate on American best-sellers published in newspapers, whereas the study will deal with selected Filipino fiction in a book publication. They analyze through observation and examples how journalism helps some notable American writers in producing their fiction, while the researchers of this study will conduct an interview to selected Filipino fiction writers with a journalism backgroun d, citing how their journalistic experiences help them write and publish their works. An Intersection of Fact and Fiction: A Study of Naipaul’s ‘The Middle Passage’ Pradhan (2014) explains the existence of a reciprocal relationship between fictional and factual writing. The researcher mentions the experiences of writer Naipaul being similar to that of Ernest Hemingway, who were both journalists turned fictionists before they ventured on nonfiction. Pradhan uses John Hellmann’s Fables of Facts in naming new journalism and nonfiction novel as contemporary genres in which journalistic materials are presented in the form of fiction. The previous study concentrates on how former journalists turned nonfiction writers benefit from their experiences in writing fiction, while the study to be conducted will deal with how the journalistic experiences of selected Filipino fictionists help them in their career. The two studies are similar in discussing the relationship of writing fact and fiction, but differ in focus. Reflecting the Detectives: Crime Fiction and the New Journalism in Late Nineteen-Century Australia In this study, Rachael Weaver (1892) explains the correlation of crime fiction to crime reportage in Australia in the late 19th century using the detective novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab by Fergume Hume and Murder of Madeline Brown by Francis Adams and Australia’s most famous murder case, the Windsor tragedy in 1892, as examples. Weaver states that many of the newspapers had their own interpretation on the story, making it sensationalized during that time. Those newspapers released different speculations about the murder. For that instance, the speculated angles of every publication served an inspiration for writing investigative stories. â€Å"The intense, international media sensation that surrounded the Windsor murder provides an ideal opportunity for investigating popular print culture in late-nineteenth-century Australia†¦ At least six book-length studies of the case were published in the weeks before and after Deeming’s execution in May, some running to several editions, each embellished more extravagantly than the last. Their anonymous authors practiced a form of sub-literary bricolage that engaged diverse generic themes, mirroring a travel adventure one moment, a penny dreadful the next. However, the most frequently deployed motifs throughout the everyday reportage and the book-length ‘histories’ were drawn – often with great clumsiness – from detective fiction.† Weaver describes the relationship between crime journalism and detective fiction as â€Å"historical and enduring.† She mentions that reported crimes provided materials for writers of sensation fiction. She adds that Edgar Allan Poe’s The Mystery of Marie Roget was based on the reports of the real-life murder of Mary Rogers in New York. The analysis is similar to the study to be conducted because they both cite the experiences of writers to their outputs, but varies from the experiences. The essay discusses the connection of reading crime articles in newspapers of the Australian writers to their detective stories, while the study will deal with the link between the journalistic backgrounds of selected Filipino fictionists to their literary works. B.Related Studies From Fact to Fiction: Journalism & Imaginative Writing in America Fishkin (1985) found out how fact turned into art, as well as how journalism paved the way to American literature. She assessed the lives and careers of Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser, Ernest Hemingway, and John Dos Passos, including their corresponding works in journalism and fiction. She related the journalistic experiences of these writers and their fiction, and the factors for their gradual shift in genre. Fishkin’s study focused on the American literature, whereas this study will deal with the Philippine literature, concerning the journalistic experiences of selected Filipino fictionists in relation to their fiction. She reviewed only the biographical accounts of well-known American journalists turned fictionists, while the researchers of this study will also conduct an interview to Filipino fiction writers with a journalism background, merely concentrating on their lives and careers before shif ting to writing fiction. Gà ³mez Alfaro: Pioneer of Interdisciplinary Studies on the Relationships between Journalism and Literature in Spain Rodrà ­guez (2010) evaluated that journalism and literature had been long linked with each other, which was later on merged together and coined as literary journalism. He used Antonio Gà ³mez Alfaro’s work in 1980’s and 1990’s, as an example. Rodriguez emphasized that Alfaro pioneered the concept of literary journalism by  conducting a study regarding the connection between journalism and literature which Alfaro finished in 1960. â€Å"This multi-focal approach is extraordinary considering at the time Journalism was not part of the Spanish university system; therefore, there was not a scientific platform nor were there academic precedents that supported in-depth, exhaustive research about journalism and literature, a reality that appeared forty years after the publication of the aforementioned precursor.† Rodriguez added that journalism was considered a part of literary genre in 1845. â€Å"The work conducts a historical synthesis of the nuclear and most considered speculations about the journalistic literary union, from 1845 until 1999, and describes the progression of such contributions, to grant an adequate context to the precursory contributions made by Antonio Gà ³mez Alfaro to interdisciplinary studies about Journalism and Literature in Spain.† The study already performed is theoretically related to the future study, both of them focusing on the relationship between journalism and fiction. The two studies both elaborate the differences and similarities of literary and journalism, but differ in scope. The previous study concentrated on Spanish literature, particularly Alfaro’s studies, while the current study will deal with Philippine Literature, specifically the works of selected Filipino fictionists with journalistic background. Text, Audiences, and Postmodernism: The Novel as Source in Sport History Johnes (2007) observed the recent demand to use fiction as reference for sport history. He delved into how postmodernism influenced and was received by historians in proposing fiction as a â€Å"social force† in shaping how people understands the world around them. He explored deeper into these postmodern ideas by analyzing Vernon Scannell’s 1953 novel The Fight. This study concentrated on putting such ideas into actual practice, and used fiction as sources for sport history while the study to be conducted will apply journalistic experiences in writing fiction. The previous study focused on how fiction was used as source materials for sports history while the current study will concentrate on how the journalistic experiences of  selected Filipino fictionists is used in their career. Theoretical Framework This study is theoretically anchored in New Historicism theory which states that there is a connection between the historical background of the place where the author originated or resided from and his literary works, the former being useful to understanding the latter. In this study, the researchers will investigate on the relationship between the journalistic experiences of selected Filipino fictionists and their literary works. Figure 1.0. Historical Criticism Diagram Conceptual Framework Figure 2.0. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Fast Food Nation Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fast Food Nation - Annotated Bibliography Example The problem arises when the ‘consumed’ food is unhealthy for people. This is identified by Anup Shaha, in his article which is entitled "Effects of Consumerism," as he notes that "today’s commercial markets include a very wide variety of foods that are unhealthy, but attractively marketed to kids† (Shah). Thus, the popularity of fast food in a given society entails the prevalence of the habit of consumerism in that society. In this context, many of the reviewed articles about the issue of consumerism assert that advertising plays a big role in the popularity of a certain food diet in the society. Regarding the issue of fast food, children are the main audience to which fast food ads are directed in order to attract as many young people as possible to this kind of food. As noted by Sandra L. Calvert, in her article which is entitled "Children as Consumers: Advertising and Marketing," â€Å"because of age-based limits in children's ability to understand adver tiser intent, the Federal Communications Commission has placed safeguards into the television advertising marketplace to protect young child audiences" (Calvert). Similar arguments are made by Mary Story and Simone French, in their article which is entitled "Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and Adolescents in the US," and Barbara Sweeny in her article which is entitled "Concerned about Marketing to Children?" Therefore, many of the reviewed articles raise the issue that consumerism is enhanced in a given society by the excessive use of ads that publicize about fast food.

Product design and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product design and development - Essay Example Thus, they also provide us the knowledge of how this software developer's work together to create a technology that will satisfy the needs of the client inspite of the slow pace in the development of the products that they aspire to provide. Amongst all designs that I have come across with, IBM production process follows a specific, unique method that enhances the capability of their product to satisfy ones specific role in achieving their product goal. Briefly the following process involves. First, it has a multi perspective view regarding on how they would develop their software. Their main concerns on the primary stage of the software development was to discuss the particular issues at the research site used in this study. In the study the developers would premised on the observation which focus on the two main and common responses to the current difficulties with regards to creating the software the development organizations. These developers tries to achieve the following facts to: (1) establish and follow more formalized production methods for building software products and (2) use teams of software development specialists and the potential positive synergy that arises from their interactions (IBM, 2007). The second phase of the product process is the setting. Here the data and analysis are discussed on how to drawn the strengths and weakness of the product in the field study. U.S. software development site (named Heartland for the purpose of confidentiality) of Compuco creates subsystem software such as database products and languages (IBM, 2007). In this process, the products were sold as commercial packages, which often in combinations that can provide for integrated solutions. The packaged software is called as the commercial, shrink-wrapped, and commercial-off-the-shelf software. Third process is called, the production aspects. In the Heartland's software development organization, they exemplify the production perspective of the development of the software. The process follows a rigorous, well-defined software development method, which IBM based the structured analysis and design approaches from their standard, which they have been using for almost 20 years. The methodology of IBM both well known and heartily supported by their senior development managers, that provides a significant factor to the success of their product design and output. In this process, there is an extensive training at the core software development methodology and base techniques were provided to all developers. Part of this method is the personnel

Geography and Climate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geography and Climate - Essay Example Colder areas also have lesser rainfall compared to warmer regions because warm air can hold more moisture than cold air (NASA 2). The climograph for Calgary shows a minimum rainfall in January of about 0.75 inches whereas the minimum rainfall recorded in Santa Fe is approximately 1.25 inches throughout the year. Latitude also causes places to have differences in their temperature ranges. Low latitude areas have smaller temperature ranges compared to high altitude areas. Temperature can range in Calgary from -22o F to 61o F, a range of 83o F, whereas Santa Fe has a smaller annual range, i.e. 72 o F, ranging from 14 o F in winters to 86 o F in summers. Continentality refers to the degree to which a place is affected by thermal variation and moisture. It gives rise to a climate which shows large diurnal and annual temperatures (Oliver 303). Both Santa Fe and Calgary have a semi-arid continental climate. As a result, the climate is relatively dryer than that in coastal areas. The moisture content in the air is also lower, and therefore evaporation does not produce significant quantities of moisture as seen in coastal areas. This causes the amount of precipitation in Calgary and Santa Fe to be lesser than coastal areas. Also, another effect of continentality on weather is that areas experience very wide temperature ranges. There is a grater range of minimum and maximum temperatures in both Calgary and Santa Fe both daily and through out the year as well. Winters in Calgary are more variable as compared to Santa Fe and whereas the summers are short. Average temperature can fall as low as 14 o F in January and can be as high as 61.5 o F in July (â€Å"CalgaryIint’l, Alta., Canada†). On the other hand, average daily temperature in January in Santa Fe is 40.0 ° F and in July, its 91.0 ° F, showing lesser variations than Calgary. Annual precipitation in Calgary is 16.23 inch, whereas that in Santa Fe is 14 inches. Elevation refers to the

Factors in hiring educational leaders Assignment

Factors in hiring educational leaders - Assignment Example Rather than focusing on the composition of the school, those tasked with the duty of hiring of educational leaders ought to focus on data that revolve around student performance, such as the curriculum being offered, differences in instruction and the level of assessment (Reeves, 2007). The influence of the above data on student achievement by far outweighs the influence of school demographic, which will focus on issues of race, gender, ethnic minorities and the number of second language students (Reeves, 2007). An educational leader should not be picked as the better candidate for simply being white, black, Asian or for representing a large part of the student demographic. This will not only ensure that the interviewing panel does not get it wrong in the choice they make, but will also ensure that equality of all candidates is upheld, where no person gets an upper hand for belonging to this demographic or the other (Reeves, 2007). In my view, all students have the ability to learn, and educational achievement should not be pegged on one’s demographic. Educational institutions and those charged with picking their leaders should not create the wrong perception that the various student demographics have different levels of learning ability (Reeves, 2007). Instead, the education leader ought to be a person who is a uniting factor, with vast knowledge of the various cultures of the different members of their student body. This will enable them to tackle each student individually and not as a member of a certain demographic (Reeves, 2007). Educational leaders such as principals and college deans who will be more effective at their job are those who focus their attention on the current and previous actions of the institutions they hope to lead rather than the constitution of the student

Computer and Network Hardware Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer and Network Hardware - Assignment Example We have also considered the other factors that include total number of employees, departments, current state and nature of the services provided by your organization. We have explained the characteristics of network servers, routers, hubs, network model and topology in the following sections. In order to develop a Computing Facility capable of providing 24 X 7 operations, it is necessary to identify and define the services to be provided by the Computer Server Room. We have identified following services: Operating Systems for servers and laptops are mentioned in the above table, the other software we proposed for clients and servers include Microsoft Office and anti-virus. On both servers, we would install OS Windows Server 2008 along with Active Directory Services, DNS and DHCP on first server, whereas on the second server we would install FTP, ERP Application along with its database and backup/Network Access Storage. We would use server virtualization to fully utilize the high end servers by executing multiple applications on single machine/server. The following diagram shows the network model in which router/firewall (according to need of the organization) would be connected to internet and the switch/hub which further connected to servers and WAPs to establish a LAN. As the organization is growing, therefore, we have used star topology which provides better performance, centralized management with easy monitoring, and above all we can enhance the LAN in future (if required). Microsoft Corporation. (2012). How do hubs, switches, routers, and access points differ?. Retrieved from:

The practicality of agile development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The practicality of agile development - Essay Example They are being compared by the Agile method too. It’s been more than a decade, since agile development is being used for software development. It came as a result to the conventional and traditional software development processes and was an effort to improve the ways of software development. In general, agile means quick and fast, agile development set asides the conventional ways of software development, but still it is not necessary that agile is a solution to all the problems that is being faced by the development team. The agile manifesto focused mainly on customer satisfaction. It suggests the collaboration and cooperation with customer and manager through out the development process and also emphasize on the unity and teamwork by all the members of the team. Team must be self organizing and should be autonomous in a way that it can take decisions but must be in contact with the customer. Though it is suitable for only certain kinds of software but still it could be adopted by the developers and they can follow the manifesto to provide their customers good quality software on the time due. Agile team must be able keep its pace with the changes that are in the industry, so that they can come up with the work that is suitable per the market standards. Though if we read its principles that are being defined by The Agile Alliance, it gives us an idea that it could be the best methodology for the software development. The principles states that customer should be satisfied and his demands must be fulfilled throughout the project, and also the project must be submitted on time. Changes should be welcomed throughout this time and developers, managers and customers must be in contact with each other. The developers involved in the projects must be competent and cooperative and the team environment should be peaceful and comfortable for all team members. Good software should be chosen for development, design of the

Love Is Not Bliss (Romeo & Juliet + Othello) A Thesis Essay Example for Free

Love Is Not Bliss (Romeo Juliet + Othello) A Thesis Essay One of the reasons that the works of Shakespeare are so renowned is simply for the fact that he can beautifully create moments of happiness, sadness, glory, agony, misery, love, betrayal and anything else which may fall in between (Krakauer 09). There are numerous situations in real life in which one person may fall deeply in love with another, but it will eventually turn out that it was never to occur in the first place. When it comes to Shakespeare, love is never meant to blossom in the plays Romeo and Juliet, and Othello. In the very first act of Romeo and Juliet, for example, we learn that there is a feud between the Montagues and the Capulets. Two households, both alike in dignity (In fair Verona, where we lay our scene) From Ancient grudge break into new mutiny (Act I Sc I). Romeo and Juliet fall instantly in love with each other. But, because of their families hatred, their happiness and youth are wasted. Juliet receives a marriage proposal from Paris, and agrees that she will consider marrying him if she likes him. After falling in love with Romeo however at first sight, she learns as he leaves that he is a Montague. She is struck with as much horror as he is after he finds out that she is a Capulet. It is just a little while later that Juliet delivers her famous speech: O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? O, be some other name! Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. (Act II Sc II). Passion it is of course, but that contaminated term has in our day become helpless to express it. Purity would be the perfect word for it if the world had not forgotten that purity is simply Greek for fire (Krakauer 17). Juliet later discovers that her father has arranged for her to marry Paris in three days. She refuses to do so, and her father is furious over the fact that his daughter is so proud and ungrateful. She then turns to her mother but her mother refuses to listen to what she has to say. In desperation, she turns to the nurse for advice, and even the Nurse believes that Juliet should marry Paris, because Romeo was banished from Verona and is not likely to return. Juliet realized that everyone is against her, so she turned to  Friar Laurence for help. The Friar knows of a sleeping potion that Juliet would be able to use that would fool her family to believe that Juliet is dead. Juliet decided to use that potion on the very night that she is to wed Paris. When the family finds Juliet dead, the Friar says that they must arrange for a burial and carry Juliets body to the church. After Romeo (then in Mantua) learns that Juliet is dead, he buys some poison and intends to kill himself in the vault where Juliet lies. Paris is in the vault when Romeo arrives, and he assumes that Romeo is there for evil purposes. The two men then fight a duel, and Romeo realizes that he has killed Paris as he falls. He then gazes at Juliet in her tomb, and swallows the poison after giving her a last kiss. He instantly dies, and Juliet wakes up shortly thereafter. After she realizes that Romeo is dead, she takes his dagger and stabs herself with it. It is then that the families reconcile when it is too late. Statues were to be made in honor of the lovers. Cynics are fond of saying that if Romeo and Juliet had lived, their love would not have lasted (Krakauer 24).There is also numerous instances in Othello in which it is evident that love was never meant to blossom between Othello, and his wife Desdemona. Brabantio is the father of Desdemona. He regrets the fact that he allowed Desdemona to marry Othello, who just happens to be a Moor. He realized that he would have rather let a unestablished man named Roderigo take Desdemonas hand in marriage. Othello is accused of using witchcraft on his wife, and it is said that he is probably abusing her as well. However, when Desdemona is questioned, she admits that she has fallen in love with Othello and married him on her own will. Brabantio is furious when he hears his daughters confessions, and he practically disowns her. He then turns to Othello, and says Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see. She has deceived her father, and may thee (Act I Sc III). Then there is the notorious villain, Iago. He came up with a plan to make it seem like Desdemona was cheating on Othello with his friend, Michael Cassio. Iago feels hatred towards Othello because he passed him over, and promoted Cassio for a position. Iago also had suspicions that Othello may have been having an affair with Emilia (Iagos wife), and for that he wants get revenge on  Othello. Shakespeare gives Iago an outward appearance of honest virtue and has Othello consistently call him Honest Iago. (Krakauer 56). Iago has the tendency to be very convincing and manipulative. He manages to make money off of Roderigo by offering foolish advice followed by a great deal of logic. After much talk, Roderigo is even convinced to sell off his land, so he can have a lot of money in his hands to get the attention of Desdemona. It is safe to say that Iago is very much like the devil himself (Krakauer 62). This is evident in his soliloquy at the very end of Act I. He reveals to the audience that he wishes to abuse Othellos ear, and blacken Cassios name as well. Iago also tends to compare people to animals, such as when he says, The Moor is of a free and open nature that thinks men honest that but seem to be so, and will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are. (Act I Sc III). Iago does indeed poison Othellos ears by convincing him to view the friendship between Desdemona and Cassio under a negative perspective. At a party, he gets Cassio to drink an excessive amount of liquor, which makes him drunk. At one point as Cassio gets in a fight with another person, Othello walks in, and Iago makes him take Cassios position away from him. Iago then goes over to Cassio and acts as if he is a friend to him. He tells Cassio to request Desdemona to convince Othello to give Cassio his position back. Desdemona agrees to do so, but all in a very innocent manner. Since Iago has plagued Othellos mind with false thoughts, Othello gets furious everytime that Desdemona mentions Cassios name. He begins to suffer mentally, and has trouble sleeping, and begins to snap at Desdemona over the slightest things. Eventually, Othello smothers Desdemona, and kills her. Emilia discovers what has happened, and cries out till Iago arrives. She then reveals the fact that Iago is a villain, and Iago kills her. Othello realizes that he has made a mistake, and kills himself, and Iago gets executed. The love stories in Romeo and Juliet, and Othello start off very nicely, but unfortunately end with tragic deaths.

Vertical Marketing System

Vertical Marketing System 1. Describe the concept of a Distribution Channel and what is a VMS (Vertical Marketing System)? A marketing channel is a series of marketing organizations that leads a product from producer to final user. A distribution channel consists of firms that have combined for their common good. Each channel member depends on the others. Distribution channels move products and services from businesses to clients and to other businesses. Also known as marketing channels, channels of distribution consist of a set of interdependent organizations such as wholesalers, retailers, independent producers and sales agents involved in making a product or service available for use or consumption. For example, a Ford dealer depends on Ford to design cars that meet consumer needs. In turn, Ford depends on the dealer to attract consumers, persuade them to buy Ford cars, and service cars after the sale. Each seeks to maximize its own profits, and there is little control over the other members and no formal means for assigning roles and resolving conflict but if all of them cooperate with each other, they can more effectively serve and satisfy the target market.Marketing channels perform many key functions such as some help complete transactions by gathering and distributing information needed for planning and aiding exchange, by developing and spreading persuasive communication about an offer, and by entering into negotiation to reach an agreement on price and other terms so that ownership can be transferred. Vertical marketing systems (VMS) is a distribution channel that provides channel leadership and consists of producers, wholesalers, and retailers acting as a unified system and consist of Administered, contractual, and corporate marketing systems. One channel member owns the others, has contracts with them, or has so much power that they all cooperate. Corporate VMS integrates successive stages of production and distribution under single ownership.Contractual VMS consists of independent firms at different levels of production and distribution who join together through contracts to obtain more economies or sales impact that each could achieve alone. Administered VMS, the leadership is through the size and power of one or a few dominant channel members. 2. What is a PUSH strategy as opposed to a PULL strategy in distribution channel management? A push strategy involves pushing the product through marketing channels to final consumers. The producer directs its marketing activities (primarily personal selling and trade promotion) toward channel members to induce them to carry the product and to promote it to final consumers. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most helpful promotional tools for companies such as Nokia for example offering funds on the handsets to persuade retailers to sell higher volumes.In pull strategy, the producer directs its marketing activities (primarily advertising and consumer promotion) towards final consumers to induce them to buy the product. If the pull strategy is effective, consumers will then demand the product from channel members, who will in turn demand it from producers. Example Kraft products use heavy advertisement and consumer promotion to pull its products. 3. Define Retailing and Wholesaling. How do the two interact and describe the different types of wholesaling? Retailing includes all activities that are involved in selling goods or services directly to final consumers for their personal, non business use. It plays a very important role in most marketing channels. It is also undergoing so much change today due to factors like store size, price competition, and demographic shifts. Therefore retailers operate in a harsh and fast changing environment which offers threat as well as opportunities. Some of the trends in retailing include the rapid growth of nonstore retailing, retail coverage, the growing importance of retail technology etc. Department stores, like Burdines and Macys, discount stores like Wal-Mart and K-Mart, are all examples of retail stores. Wholesaling includes all the activities involved in selling goods or services to those who are buying for the purpose of resale or for business use. Wholesalers add value by performing functions such as transportation, Selling and promoting, Buying and assortment building and Warehousing etc. Like retailers, wholesalers should target carefully and position themselves strongly. Wholesalers continue to increase the services they provide to retailers like retail pricing, cooperative advertising, marketing and management information reports, online transactions etc. Wholesalers benefit from retailers because they serve as their advertisement. If a retailer is happy with his wholesaler, he/she has a high chance of telling his/her friends about it; thus, word-of-mouth advertising. Wholesalers then get to have more customers and more sales, earning them better reputation, quality and more profit. Without retailers, wholesalers would just have their stocks inside their warehouses, untouched. They would not be able to get back their expenses if they would not sell their merchandise to retailers, and hence would not get any profit. In the same way retailers benefit from wholesalers because they are the ones who give them material to sell. If a wholesaler is satisfied with the retailer, he/she might give them more concession and benefits, and give them better deals so they can both thrive in their own businesses. Different types of wholesalers are: * Merchant wholesalers are the largest single group of wholesalers, accounting for approximately fifty percent of all wholesaling. Merchant wholesalers take possession of the goods. They include full-service wholesaler (wholesale merchants and industrial distributor) where they provide a full line of services like carrying stock, maintaining a sales force and offering credit etc. and limited service wholesalers (cash-and carry wholesalers, truck wholesalers, drop shippers, rack jobbers, producers cooperatives, and mail order wholesalers) – these wholesalers offer fewer services to suppliers and customers. * Brokers and agents do not take title to goods and their main function is to facilitate buying and selling, for which they earn a commission on the selling price. A broker brings buyers and sellers together and assists in negotiation. Whereas agents represent buyers and sellers on a more permanent basis. * Manufacturers and retailers branches and offices are wholesaling operations conducted by sellers or buyers themselves rather than through independent wholesalers. Separate branches and offices are dedicated to either sales or purchasing. 4. What are the four promotion mix elements and explain how each are utilized. What is the major difference between Advertising-Publicity-Sales Promotion. A companys total promotion mix also called its marketing communications mix consists of the specific blend of advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. Advertising includes broadcast, print, internet, and outdoor etc. Sales promotion – is a short term incentive to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. It helps to stimulate demand for a product. Sales promotion includes discounts, coupons, displays and demonstrations. Personal selling means personal presentation by the firms sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relations. Personal selling includes sales presentations, trade shows, and incentive programs. Public relations is building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favorable publicity , building up a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories and events. Public relations include press releases, sponsorships, special events and Web pages.Direct marketing involves making direct connections with carefully targeted individual consumers to both obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships through the use of direct mail, telephone, direct-response television, e-mail, and the Internet to communicate directly with specific consumers. Some of the major differences are as follows: Difference between Advertising and Sales Promotion * Advertising uses the media to inform and convince; whereas sales promotion is the offering of an enticement to tempt a customer into a purchase. * The time frame for advertising is long term where as for sales promotion the time frame is short term. * The primary objective of advertising is to create a stable brand image whereas for sales promotion the primary purpose is to get sales quickly. * In case of advertising requests are emotional or purposeful in nature where as in the case of sales promotion appeals are reasonable or logical. Difference between Advertising and Personal selling * According to personal selling it involves personal interaction between two or more people, so each person can observe the others needs and characteristics and make quick adjustments. Advertising is impersonal and cannot be as directly influential as can company sales person. * Advertising can carry on only a one way communication with the audience but according to personal selling both have to communicate in order for business to run. Difference between Advertising and Public Relation/Publicity * The public relation exposure received is only spread once. An editor wont publish the same press release two or three times in their magazine. Since one pays for the space, one can run the ads over and over for as long as one has the funds to pay for it. * Publicity is a kind of interaction, which is communicated through the mass media. The purpose of publicity is to demonstrate attention to a company and its products without having to pay the media for it but for advertising huge costs are incurred. 5. Describe the five international product and promotional strategies which are Straight Extension, Communication Adaptation, Product Adaptation, Dual Adaptation, and Product Invention. Five strategies for adapting product and marketing communication strategies to a global market Straight product extension means marketing a product to all countries without any change. For example Kellogg cereals and electronics like Black Decker tools and cameras are sold successfully in about the same form around the world. Straight extension is appealing because it involves no additional product development costs, manufacturing changes, or new promotion. Product adaptation involves changing the product to meet local conditions or wants in overseas markets. The adaptation of the product is carried out for reasons such as to meet the local regulations, to meet the customer needs and wants such as size; packaging preferences, quality; appearance and also to meet the beliefs of the consumer like McDonalds, for example, adjusts its menu for each foreign market, vegetarian hamburgers in India as many people dont eat non-vegetarian due to religious beliefs, mutton pot pies in Australia, and McSpaghetti in the Philippines. Burger King also has tried to adapt the market and satisfy their customers. Product invention consists of creating something new for a specific country market. It might also mean to maintain or reintroduce earlier products forms that happen to be well adapted to the needs of a given country. For example, Brewing companies have sold alcohol free beer in countries where sales of alcoholic beverages are prohibited. Communication adaptation is a global communication strategy of fully adapting advertising messages to local markets. Coca-Cola for example sells its low calorie beverage as Diet coke in North America, the United Kingdom, and the Middle and Far East but as Coke light elsewhere.Another example is Marlboro cigarettes; essentially use the same message in their international promotion programs. Dual adaptation involves altering both the product and the communications to reflect differences in both product function and use. Slim-Fast for instance get used to both product and promotion and abide by varying government policies around the world. 6. Describe the emergence of social media ( twitter, facebook, blogs ) and how marketers have adjusted and utilize it to connect with consumers. Social media is a term used to illustrate the type of media that is based on interaction between people online. Social media have been updated to reach consumers through the internet. In the early days of the internet, conventional forms of media (magazines, newspapers, and marketing brochures) were simply moved from print to online; interaction is still primarily one way. Forums and blogs began to change that, allowing prospective buyer to ask issues of dealer, and of each other. Now, Face book, Twitter, LinkedIn and other social media tools have exploded this means. Conversations are less expensive than broadcasting from a media standpoint. This type of media has become appealing to big and small businesses. More and more people are using social media sites like Twitter and Face book to talk about companies and products with their friends and colleagues. The success of sites such as Face book and Twitter has confirmed that people feel the pull of social media globally. Social media is rapidly launching itself as a direct marketing channel and as such should be regarded as a valuable tool for any brand and marketing savvy company. Reliable brands are making the most of social media to reach customers and to build or retain the reputation. For example PepsiCo and even Starbucks look at social media as the best way to get direct dialog with their fans and for the company to hear from those fans without filters. As social media continue to grow, the ability to reach more consumers globally has also increased. Twitter, for example has expanded its global reach to many countries. This means that brands are now able to advertise in multiple languages and therefore reach a broader range of customers and clients. Social media can be used as a marketing tool but it requires concentration, supervision, practical knowledge and experience of the subject. One has to deliver materials in a customized way to suit the marketing needs of the clients. By using twitter, these brands through research and testing are learning and understanding more about social media and their customers. Marketers make links by adding value like putting some interesting resources or things that attract the consumers on their site and then they try and build trust and later build the relationship, so that the consumer feels comfortable and buys the product. Be it blogging, face booking or twittering, the same principal in understanding how to reach customers are similar. For example, HR Block reaches out to twitter members who have questions about taxes and need someone to support as customer service for those dissatisfied with their HR Block experience. The purpose for those who make contacts on Face book may vary. Some people are there to promote their businesses while others are there to become fashionable and get known like public figures, band, businesses and associations of all types who have created face book pages, where they often want to share a status update, a photo, a product or an event with many supporters. Famous personalities possibly will want to share special news or donations may want to put out calls for help to both their Face book fans and their Twitter followers, all at the same time. The main goal for using social media marketing is to increase buyer commitments, gather supporters to drive word-of-mouth and to increase brand loyalty.

Defining Mills Harm Principle Philosophy Essay

Defining Mills Harm Principle Philosophy Essay The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. John Stuart Mill. The above sentence has been the one significant principle as asserted by Mill in his famous On Liberty, commonly called the harm principle. Harm, in his context, means only direct harm, by means of actions and inaction, onto others. Harm that one done to others by harming himself does not count unless one has failed to fulfil some specific and concrete obligation that ought to be done initially. Interference should not be placed on someone as long as the things done do not harm others. Legal penalties and sanctions can only be justified if they are imposed to prevent harm to others. Mill mentioned that the time where the society or the individual as a whole can impose influences on particular individual liberty is when it is for self-protection. If a person is placing himself in a position that is dangerous solely to him, society has no right to interfere. He believes that every individual is autonomous, nothing can be compelled upon him/her, for his/her own benefit/welfare, as long as the thing done does not impose threats to others even though it is harming himself. This is what Mill meant from Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign  [1]  . However, this does not apply to children and some backward states of society, who are not capable to take care of themselves and to make sensible decisions, such as the undeveloped races. Furthermore, Mill thought that human liberty should encompass first, the inward domain of conscience, and liberty of thought and feeling. Second, the liberty of tastes and pursuits in planning ones own life and lastly, the liberty of individuals in uniting with other consenting collective groups for any purposes which do not harm others. He believed that a good society can only exist through the granting of all the liberties to the people in pursuing their own good lives in their own good ways.  [2]   In Mills works, they were inevitably much influenced by his thought on utilitarianism  [3]  . Obviously, in which he regarded utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questionsin the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man  [4]  Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, would be the permanent interests of mankind. This can be seen much clearer where he held that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.  [5]   What did the legal theorists think? In an influential defence of the harm principle, Raz has challenged on the precept on how the state should promote the well-being of people and in the pursuit of moral ideas, how far, the state in coercing the society should be determined by the harm principle. He suggested that it is a perfectionist ideal which presupposes specific moral conceptions which are not indifferent towards criteria of moral worth or moral virtue  [6]  . Also, as we have seen, Mill ruled out the compulsion and control of the state to prevent harmless wrongdoing although that could be what the state think is in the best interest of the society in obtaining pleasures and happiness. By acting as a guiding principle in terms of political restraint, this will not lead Raz to non-perfectionist position  [7]  . Raz supported Mills harm principle not by his utilitarian path, but by the autonomy principle. He claimed that the autonomy principle is an important ingredient for the state to pursue a moral good and to promote a good life for the citizens in such societies. Autonomous life is valuable only if it is spent in the pursuit of acceptable and valuable projects and relationships.  [8]   Ultimately, Razs central claim is to defend the harm principle through the principle of autonomy for one simple reason: The means used, coercive interference, violates the autonomy of its victim because it violates the condition of independence and expresses a relation of domination and an attitude of disrespect for the coerced individual and, coercion by criminal penalties is a global and indiscriminate invasion of autonomy.  [9]  To complete a personal autonomy, condition of independence  [10]  must be present, too. Slavery, moral censorship, sale of contraceptives  [11]  , etc could be the more common examples. Dan-Cohen has also come out with a similar structure of Razs arguments on the harm principle but a rather more different and inconsistent conclusion, in which he focused more on criminal law. He suggested that the harm principle should be replaced by the dignity principle  [12]  because dignity demands that our actions, practices, and institutions convey an attitude of respect to people.  [13]  He has made a hypothetical example of happy slavery in contradicting with Razs argument on the independence is part and parcel of autonomy but his point is, a dignity principle altogether independent of autonomy.  [14]  

Treatment of Nature by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge E

William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had vastly different writing styles as well as opinions of the material they treated in their writing. One of the primary differences between the two is how each treats nature in his work. Wordsworth, in his self-proclaimed writing like the common man, often expresses a nostalgic appreciation for nature, as can be seen in â€Å"Tintern Abbey†. On the other hand, Coleridge’s character, the mariner from â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† scorns nature and only learns to respect it, not necessarily to love it. Coleridge treats the supernatural far more than Wordsworth, and it is debatable as to whether or not his frequent use of opium contributes to this tendency. Overall, it stands to reason that nature is presented as a pure, innocent, and desirable thing to Wordsworth, and Coleridge’s writing deems it unpleasant, albeit powerful. Wordsworth’s â€Å"Tintern Abbey† is a poignant view of his return to the Banks of Wye, where he spent much of his youth. He clearly feels favorably toward Nature, which as it seems is the entire focus of the poem. After a description spanning the first 21 line stanza about certain aspects of the Nature he recalls favorably, he calls them â€Å"beauteous forms† and says that he experiences â€Å"feelings too of unremembered pleasure† because of them (line 22, 30-31). Wordsworth’s mission statement in Lyrical Ballads is essentially to use the language and to recapture the beauty of ordinary men, while still establishing his prowess in poetry. His account of nature in â€Å"Tintern Abbey† represents not necessarily the language of ordinary men, but he believes these pure forms of nature upon which he reminisces to be a common good across the lines of class. However, he claim... ...osing Wordsworth and Coleridge’s poems, it can be deduced that Nature must be loved and feared. This might seem reminiscent with traditional views of God, as he is believed to be a beautiful albeit powerful form of power. Thus, Nature is established as an all-encompassing form of power that can govern one’s life. Works Cited 1. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period: Volume D, 8th edition. Ed. Greenblatt, Stephen. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. 430-446. Print. 2. Wordsworth, William. â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour, July 13, 1798.† Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period: Volume D, 8th edition. Ed. Greenblatt, Stephen. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. 258-262. Print.

My Diary On Tom Robinson?s Case :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that I am looking back on Tom Robinson’s court case, I have seen what my decision has done to my family and I have heard what my friends and neighbors have to say about the ordeal. If I could go back in time, I would still make the decision to defend Tom Robinson. This decision is backed by many reasons of logic and my morals. Many decisions people make are decided on what suits themselves, they do not think of other people and how it may affect them or show them what is right and what is wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that defending Tom Robinson was the correct, moral action to take. If I did not take this case, I could never look at my children again (Lee 88). Many people say that I am a disgrace to the family for taking the case (Lee 83), however, I see it a little differently. In my eyes, I would be disgracing the family for not taking the case because it would not be just not to defend Tom Robinson since I knew that he was innocent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the trial, I believed (and still do) that Mayella’s father, Bob Ewell, beat her (Lee 187). When I cross-examined Mayella, I tried to get her to admit to this, but she still insisted that Tom Robinson raped her (Lee 187-188). If a person would look at the evidence on hand, they would know that this was not the case. First of all, Tom’s left arm was crippled from being caught in a cotton gin (Lee 186). Considering the fact that she was bruised and beat on the right side of the face, this was not possibly an action from Tom. However, Bob Ewell was left handed, meaning that when he was hitting Mayella, he hit her along the right side of the face (Lee 177). Second of all, Tom was only trying to help Mayella with her chores around the house because no one else in the family would help her (Lee 191). Thirdly, why on this particular day, November 21st, were the children out of the house? Mayella told Tom that she had saved money for a whole year s o she could treat them to ice cream (Lee 193). Also on that day, she asked him to come inside for the first time to fix the door hinges that did not need to be fixed (Lee 193).

Discover Your Inner Economist

In his delightfully witty and humorous book, â€Å"Discover Your Inner Economist†, Cowen takes the dry and serious subject of economics from the mundane to the everyday. He begins by subtly stating that economics is not about money, but other motivations. â€Å"The critical economic problem is scarcity,† he says. â€Å"Money is scarce, but in most things the scarcity of time, attention, and caring is more important. †In a highly aimless, rambling style, Cowen leads the reader down many divergent paths from topic to topic, covering everything from how to talk your spouse out of buying a warranty on a new purchase to why your daughter will not wash the dishes to why we do not have to eat â€Å"sunk costs. † Throughout the book, two themes are clear. The first is that everyone is very self-centered, and motivation is all about â€Å"Me†, or as Cowen calls it, â€Å"the Me Factor†. The next motif, although highly correlated to the former, is cont rol. Both themes encompass the concept of identifying motivation.â€Å"The key to tapping your Inner Economist†, Cowen explains, is the ability to identify people's true incentives, which are usually more than money. Suppose you want your daughter to help out around the house by washing dishes. Should you pay her? Bad idea†, Cowen warns. â€Å"If you explain that washing dishes is her family responsibility, she may not always obey, but at least she'll feel some obligation. Bring payment into the picture, and her motivation changes. It becomes a market transaction†, writes Cowen, and â€Å"the parent becomes a boss rather than an object of deserved loyalty.† The point is that your daughter will soon come to realize that she would rather work for someone else. â€Å"Expect dirtier dishes,† Cowen concludes. Motivation and incentives are clearly interesting to us all, whether we acknowledge it or not. In his book, Cowen offers some unique theories on mo tivation and incentives. Big business is very interested in the concept of motivation; as the goal of any business is to be most productive, and this requires motivating employees to become their most productive. It is the responsibility of managers to strive to motivate employees so that they will make valuable contributions to the organization.Managers most frequently do this by offering rewards to motivate people to share their talents with the company. Managers seek to ensure that people are motivated to contribute important inputs to the organization, that these inputs are focused in the direction of high performance and that high performance results in employees obtaining the outcomes that they desire. Management theorists have come up with many theories to explain what creates a motivated workforce. Cowen believes that small improvements in understanding will bring a much better use of incentives (motivation).Cowen uses economic theory as the basis for using pattern recogniti on to incentivize. His book does not offer management theory, however, the author focuses on learning how humans in general are motivated, and these theories can be applied to business, personal lives, and just ordinary living. Study and research have proven that motivated employees are more productive than those employees who lack motivation. On this assumption, a look at some of the most widely known motivation theories may add some insight into the role of incentives as effective motivators. Frederick Herzberg’s theory is based on two factors: Hygiene and Motivation.The hygiene factors are based on extrinsic values such as salary, working conditions, ergonomics, status, and company policies. These factors, according to the theory, do not lead to motivation, but the absence of positive hygiene factors causes dissatisfaction. Herzberg’s other factor is motivation, which encompasses those work conditions that prompt intrinsic motivation. These factors include job satis faction, growth, achievement, and recognition. According to this theory, in order for employees to be motivated, there must be low levels of dissatisfaction and high levels of motivational factors.Herzberg suggests these factors should be used together to reduce dissatisfaction and increase motivation to achieve high productivity. Another famous motivation theory is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. This theory is based on the concept of levels of needs in human beings. This theory suggests that each level of need must be satisfied before someone is motivated to achieve the next level. The lowest level is physiological, then safety, then love, esteem, and finally self-actualization. The following chart from Accel- Team illustrates Maslow’s theory: (Accel Team, 2007)From an economist’s point of view, in Cowen’s book, one economist, Colin Camerer took a poll at the Davos World Economics Forum and polled big business gurus as their ideas on motivation. The number one and two answers were, respectively, Recognition and Respect, and Achievement and Accomplishment. Never mind that the sources may have been slightly skewed, he was polling a particularly successful group of businessmen and not average employees, but the point is that money did not make the top two as far as incentives go. Cowen does provide money its proper place within the motivation/incentive model, however.He does not dismiss money as a primary motivator, he merely sets it aside as the single most obvious incentive to allow thought for other, equally motivating incentives. Cowen demonstrates by example how the idea of everything being â€Å"up for market† is repulsive to humans. He notes that there are some things that simply cannot be motivated through monetary incentives. At the beginning of the book, as mentioned above, Cowen discusses the resistance of his stepdaughter, Yana, to washing the dishes. After he and his wife resorted to paying her, â€Å"she did them f or about a week and then stopped,† he says.â€Å"I knew this could happen. I understood that there is such a thing as intrinsic motivation and that if you pay people, you might weaken that. What I didn’t really â€Å"get† was the control issue. That when you start paying people to do a thing, they often see it as control. † But there was a happy ending: After Yana read the book, she started doing the dishes. For free. Cowen believes that we are also consumed with the desire for control. Cowen argues that if you want to have more control of what happens around you, you need to know how to balance the kinds of incentives you offer.As far as good reading, unfortunately, there are not enough economic tricks that break down neatly into interesting advice. When he discusses the techniques for motivating your dentist, like giving them a bonus for cavities well filled, he ends with, â€Å"I don’t think I can control my dentist or receive the very best care . By giving up this quest for control, however, I might get care that is just a little better than average. † Is that really any advice, or just an economist attempting to relate to real humans? Economics cannot tell you what the price of gold will be next week.But it can help you choose good restaurants, promises Cowen. The best sections of the book concern tactics for maximizing one’s cultural consumption, (at least according to Cowen’s standards). Cowen explains that those of us who enjoy unique and tasty flavors in our meals should avoid restaurants located in fancy shopping malls or on major thoroughfares. These restaurants must pay high rents to occupy such locations and, therefore, they need customers in high volumes. Because these restaurants must appeal to large audiences, meals there will be more predictable and bland than those served in restaurants located off beaten paths.So if you're hankering for dinner at a restaurant featuring bold or unusual tas tes – at a restaurant that serves ethnic dishes that are truly authentic — you'll have better luck going to a Chinese or Ethiopian or Cajun (or whatever ethnic variety you crave) restaurant that is located on a side street or in a suburban strip mall. With lower rents to pay, such off-the-beaten-path eateries are more likely than are restaurants in high-rent locations to cater to serious foodies. Choosing a restaurant is just one of many important and surprising insights offered in Cowen's book.He lists eight strategies for taking control of one’s reading, which include ruthless skipping around, following one character while ignoring others, and even going directly to the last chapter. Your eighth-grade English teacher would faint. But the principle here is valuing the scarcity of your own time, which people often fail to do. It works for movies, too—Cowen will go to the multiplex and watch parts of three or four movies, rather than just sit through one. Why wait for a highly predictable ending when a fabulous scene might be unfolding in the movie playing next door?Cowen also offers advice for how to defeat the boredom that, despite our best intentions to be culturally literate, overtakes many of us minutes after we enter an art museum. How do we deal with this â€Å"scarcity of attention†? Pretend to be an art thief, he suggests—in every gallery, pick one picture that we’d like to run off with. Sounds juvenile, admits Cowen, but it â€Å"forces us to keep thinking critically† rather than daydream about the snack bar. Cowen doesn’t really attempt to offer serious advice. He does offer some interesting anecdotes, however.Among the most valuable insights that economics does offer about investing is to ignore anyone who announces publicly that he knows what will happen to stock prices tomorrow. Anyone who sincerely believes himself to possess such knowledge will not give it away or sell it on the chea p. To do so would be like passing out hundred-dollar bills to strangers or offering to sell hundred-dollar bills for $25 apiece: Very few people are so selfless. If I am confident that shares of, say, IBM will rise tomorrow, I don't want other people competing with me to scoop up IBM shares.But finding a good meal, well, that's a different story. The most interesting insight for me is that bygones are not always best treated as bygones. The mid-19th-century economist William Stanley Jevons famously wrote that â€Å"bygones are forever bygones. † Economists have overwhelmingly taken Jevons' statement as advice to ignore sunk costs. This advice generally is sensible. Suppose you've spent $10 million building a machine that can do nothing but produce chocolate-covered pickles. You discover soon afterward that no one wants to buy your product.Your wisest course from this point forward is to suck up the loss. Continuing to produce chocolate-covered pickles that no one wants to buy will only deepen your losses, doing nothing to help you recover your investment. But Cowen shows that bygones should not be treated as bygones in all areas of life. When our self-image is at stake, past choices — costs that are irrevocable — often remain relevant for guiding our decisions today. Self –deception is another theme through which Cowen offers examples of our â€Å"Me First† mentality.For example, many of us think of ourselves as physically fit. Because of this self-image, we often buy memberships in gyms. But on many an evening, after a long day at work, we're typically tempted to relax at home rather than spend an hour exercising at the gym. The economically â€Å"rational† decision is to stay home and relax if that's what you prefer doing this evening. After all, whether you go to the gym or not, the money you've spent on your gym membership is already spent. You'll not get that money back if you don't use the gym this evening.So the fact that you've already paid for a gym membership should not factor into your decision on whether to go to the gym today. But sometimes this fact does indeed matter. Sometimes we think, â€Å"Geez, I've paid for that gym membership. I should go. † And we then summon our remaining energy and head off for some exercise — even though if we hadn't paid for the gym membership, we definitely would avoid the gym this evening. Again, as a narrow economic matter, that's a silly thing to say and do. From a less-narrow perspective it's entirely reasonable.By going to the gym we reinforce our positive self-interest. And if the mental trick of pretending that sunk costs are relevant helps in this effort, it's a worthwhile thing to think. For a wonderfully enjoyable and practically useful read you can do no better than to discover your inner economist by reading Tyler Cowen's new book. Tyler Cowen is a professor of economics at George Mason University. He is a prominent blogger at marginalrevolution, the world's leading economics blog. He also writes regularly for The New York Times, and has written for Forbes, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post.The book is a quirky, penetrating caper through everyday life that reveals how you can turn economic reasoning to your advantage—often when you least expect it to be relevant. Cowen aims to not â€Å"hit the reader over the head with economic principles, † but to offer an alternative viewpoint of economics and how it really can improve anyone’s everyday life. Even if you don't agree with all of Cowen's cheerfully offered opinions, it's a pleasure to accompany him through his various interests and obsessions.